Nokea
What are the potential consequences of damage to the stomach?
- A. Reduced digestion of carbohydrates
- B. Inability to produce or secrete bile
- C. Inability to produce or secrete gastric acid
- D. Increased ability to produce or secrete intrinsic factor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Damage to the stomach can lead to a reduced ability to produce gastric acid (Choice C) and intrinsic factor, the latter of which is crucial for vitamin B12 absorption (Choice D). That's why these two choices are correct. The stomach doesn't play a direct role in the digestion of carbohydrates (Choice A) as this process primarily occurs in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic enzymes. Similarly, bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, not the stomach, hence stomach damage wouldn't lead to an inability to produce or secrete bile (Choice B).
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Which type of assessment evaluates a person's risk of malnutrition by ranking key variables from the medical history and physical examination?
- A. Katz index
- B. integrated assessment
- C. subjective global assessment
- D. nutrition care plan
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) is the correct choice. SGA is a comprehensive tool used to assess an individual's risk of malnutrition by integrating key variables from the medical history, physical examination, and other relevant factors. The Katz index is used to assess activities of daily living, not malnutrition risk. An integrated assessment refers to the overall evaluation process involving multiple assessments. A nutrition care plan is a personalized plan developed based on assessment findings, not the assessment itself.
Which vitamin deficiency is most likely to cause bleeding disorders?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin E
- C. Vitamin K
- D. Vitamin D
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting as it plays a crucial role in the activation of clotting factors. Deficiency of Vitamin K can lead to impaired blood clotting, resulting in bleeding disorders. Vitamin A is more associated with vision and skin health, not blood clotting. Vitamin E is known for its antioxidant properties and role in immune function, not specifically related to bleeding disorders. Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium absorption and bone health, but it is not directly linked to blood clotting or bleeding disorders.
Which of the following statements is false?
- A. People with a vitamin K deficiency experience increased clotting time
- B. The major function of vitamin E is promoting vision
- C. Vitamin D functions as a hormone
- D. Rich sources of beta-carotene include carrots, sweet potatoes, and butternut squash
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The statement that the major function of vitamin E is promoting vision is incorrect. Vitamin E primarily acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage. Its role is not primarily related to vision, which is a major function of vitamin A. On the other hand, the other options are true. Vitamin K deficiency does indeed lead to increased clotting time, vitamin D functions as a hormone, and carrots, sweet potatoes, and butternut squash are rich sources of beta-carotene.
Folate is crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division, making it particularly important during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Folate plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis and cell division, which are essential processes for cell multiplication. This makes folate particularly important during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy. Therefore, the statement is true. Choice B is incorrect because it fails to acknowledge the significance of folate in cell multiplication and rapid growth, especially during pregnancy.
What is a major feature of the therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) recommended for the treatment of high blood cholesterol?
- A. Avoiding all foods that contain cholesterol
- B. Reducing sodium intake to less than 2 g/day
- C. Limiting total fat intake to less than 30% of energy intake
- D. Limiting saturated fat intake to less than 7% of energy intake
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Limiting saturated fat intake to less than 7% of energy intake.' This is a central feature of the therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) recommended for treating high blood cholesterol. Saturated fats can increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, a significant risk factor for heart disease. Choice A is incorrect because while it is recommended to limit cholesterol intake, it's not suggested to avoid all foods containing cholesterol entirely in the TLC. Choice B is also incorrect as although reducing sodium intake is beneficial for controlling blood pressure, it's not specifically targeted in the TLC for managing high cholesterol. Lastly, while limiting total fat intake is a healthy guideline, it's not as specific or effective as limiting saturated fat intake, making choice C also incorrect.