Nokea
Proteolytic enzymes are most likely to break down which food type?
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Proteins
- C. Fats
- D. Lipids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
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Which biomolecule is responsible for the storage and transfer of genetic information?
- A. Carbohydrates
- B. Proteins
- C. Lipids
- D. Nucleic acids
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are the biomolecules responsible for storing and transferring genetic information within cells. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids do not have this specific function. Carbohydrates are mainly used for energy storage, structural support, and cellular communication. Proteins are involved in various cellular functions such as enzymatic reactions, structural support, and signaling. Lipids play roles in energy storage, cell membrane structure, and signaling.
Are the following statements both true: 'Most excess energy intake, whether from protein, carbohydrate, alcohol, or fat, is stored in the liver' and 'Fat is a good source of energy, but the preferred fuel is protein'?
- A. Both statements are true
- B. Both statements are false
- C. The first statement is true, but the second is false
- D. The first statement is false, but the second is true
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Both of the given statements are false. The first statement is inaccurate because the primary location for excess energy storage is not the liver, but rather adipose tissue where it is stored as fat. While the liver does have a role in energy storage and metabolism, it is not the main storage site for excess intake. The second statement is also incorrect. Although fat and protein can be used as sources of energy, the body's preferred source of energy is carbohydrates. They break down more efficiently and are easier for the body to use. The body prefers to conserve protein for other essential functions, such as tissue repair and the production of enzymes. Therefore, protein is not the preferred fuel source.
Which dietary recommendation is most appropriate for a patient with gout?
- A. Increase protein intake
- B. Reduce carbohydrate intake
- C. Avoid purine-rich foods
- D. Increase calcium intake
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The most appropriate dietary recommendation for a patient with gout is to avoid purine-rich foods. Purine-rich foods such as red meat and shellfish can lead to increased uric acid levels in the body, triggering gout flare-ups. Increasing protein intake (Choice A) is not recommended as some high-protein foods are also high in purines. Reducing carbohydrate intake (Choice B) and increasing calcium intake (Choice D) are not directly related to managing gout symptoms.
Each is a characteristic manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), except one. Which is the exception?
- A. Gingival erythema
- B. Necrosis of interdental papilla
- C. Marasmus
- D. Metallic taste and foul odor
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Marasmus. Marasmus is a form of severe malnutrition and is not a direct manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG). Choices A, B, and D are all characteristic manifestations of NUG. Gingival erythema, necrosis of interdental papilla, and metallic taste with foul odor are commonly associated with NUG due to the inflammatory and necrotic nature of the condition.
What is the glomerular filtration rate for patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
- A. Less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m²
- B. Less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²
- C. Less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m²
- D. Less than 125 mL/min/1.73 m²
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as end-stage renal disease, the kidney function is significantly compromised. This severe condition is characterized by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m², as correctly stated in choice A. Choices B, C, and D suggest higher GFR values, which are not indicative of stage 5 CKD. Specifically, a GFR of less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m² indicates stage 4 CKD, less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m² signifies stage 3 CKD, and a typical healthy individual usually has a GFR of around 125 mL/min/1.73 m², which is far above the GFR for stage 5 CKD.