Nokea
What are the recommended strategies for managing a breech presentation?
- A. External cephalic version
- B. Immediate cesarean
- C. Pelvic X-ray
- D. Induction of labor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: External cephalic version. This procedure involves manually manipulating the baby from a breech position to a head-down position. It is recommended as a safe and effective way to manage breech presentations, reducing the need for a cesarean section. Immediate cesarean (B) is not always necessary and should be reserved for specific medical reasons. Pelvic X-ray (C) is not routinely recommended for managing breech presentations. Induction of labor (D) is not the primary strategy for managing breech presentations, as it does not address the positioning of the baby.
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The most common complication of respiratory distress syndrome is
- A. Cerebral palsy
- B. Pneumothorax
- C. Epilepsy
- D. Fractured ribs
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pneumothorax. Respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by difficulty breathing due to immature lungs in premature infants. Pneumothorax, a condition where air leaks into the chest cavity, is a common complication as the fragile lungs are prone to air leaks. Cerebral palsy (A), epilepsy (C), and fractured ribs (D) are not direct complications of respiratory distress syndrome. Pneumothorax is the most likely and common complication due to the fragility of the premature infant's lungs.
Pubiotomy is
- A. Access to the lower uterine segment by dissection of tissues around the peritoneum
- B. A surgical procedure in which the cartilage of the pubic symphysis is divided
- C. Ligating of the pubic bones in case they are invaded by cancerous cells
- D. Dissection of the perineal tissues to hasten the perineal phase of labor
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A surgical procedure in which the cartilage of the pubic symphysis is divided. Pubiotomy involves cutting the pubic symphysis cartilage to widen the pelvic outlet during difficult childbirth. This procedure helps facilitate labor by increasing the pelvic diameter. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe pubiotomy. Choice A refers to accessing the lower uterine segment, choice C involves ligating pubic bones for cancer, and choice D pertains to perineal tissue dissection during labor, which are unrelated to pubiotomy.
In which form of hypospadias should circumcision be deferred in order to preserve the prepuce for later surgical repair?
- A. Ventral displacement
- B. Proximal displacement
- C. Midscrotal hypospadias
- D. Meatus proximal to the corona
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ventral displacement. In ventral displacement hypospadias, the urethral opening is located on the underside of the penis, making it necessary to defer circumcision to preserve the prepuce for later surgical repair. Preserving the prepuce in this case is important for reconstructive surgery to correct the hypospadias. Choices B, C, and D do not require deferring circumcision as the location of the urethral opening does not impact the need for prepuce preservation for future surgical repair.
Which one of the following features is indicative of an abnormal labour pattern?
- A. Presence of the retraction ring
- B. Presence of the Bandl’s ring
- C. Cervical canal short and thin
- D. Vagina is warm and moist
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Presence of the Bandl's ring. This is indicative of an abnormal labor pattern as it may suggest a uterine rupture, which is a serious complication. Bandl's ring is a constriction ring formed between the upper and lower uterine segments due to excessive uterine contractions. It can lead to fetal distress and necessitate immediate medical intervention.
A: Presence of the retraction ring is a normal phenomenon during labor, marking the boundary between the lower and upper uterine segments.
C: Cervical canal short and thin can be a normal variation in labor and does not necessarily indicate an abnormal pattern.
D: Vagina being warm and moist is a common physiological response during labor and does not provide information on the progress or abnormality of labor.
Effects of preeclampsia on the reproductive system include
- A. Development of infarcts and placental abruption
- B. Lowered vaginal discharge pH and haemorrhage
- C. Congestive cardiac failure and fetal hypoxia
- D. Poor placental anchorage and severe infarction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because preeclampsia can lead to poor placental anchorage, which results in reduced blood flow to the placenta, leading to severe infarction. This can cause adverse effects on the fetus and the mother. Choice A is incorrect because infarcts and placental abruption are not specific effects of preeclampsia on the reproductive system. Choice B is incorrect because lowered vaginal discharge pH and hemorrhage are not typical effects of preeclampsia. Choice C is incorrect because congestive cardiac failure and fetal hypoxia are not direct effects of preeclampsia on the reproductive system.