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What are the two main targets currently used in anti-HIV therapy?
- A. Reverse transcriptase and something integrase
- B. Reverse transcriptase and protease
- C. Protease and integrase
- D. Viral glycoproteins gp120 and gp41
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Reverse transcriptase and protease. Reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA into DNA, a crucial step in viral replication. Protease is responsible for cleaving viral polyproteins into functional proteins. Targeting both enzymes disrupts viral replication. Choice A is incorrect as integrase is not a main target in current therapy. Choice C is incorrect because protease is targeted along with reverse transcriptase, not integrase. Choice D is incorrect as targeting viral glycoproteins is not a main strategy in anti-HIV therapy.
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Dwellers of a village noticed mass mortality of rats in some farms. It was suspected that the animals might have died from plague. What postmortal analyses should be conduced in order to establish the causative agent of the infection as soon as possible?
- A. Ring precipitation reaction
- B. Agglutination reaction
- C. Passive agglutination reaction
- D. Neutralization reaction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Agglutination reaction. This test is commonly used to detect specific antibodies or antigens. In this case, it can be used to detect plague antigens in the rat tissues or antibodies in the villagers. This test is rapid, sensitive, and can help establish the presence of the causative agent quickly.
A: Ring precipitation reaction is not typically used for diagnosing plague and is more commonly used in other types of infections.
C: Passive agglutination reaction is not specific for plague and is more commonly used for detecting specific antibodies in diseases like syphilis.
D: Neutralization reaction is not typically used for diagnosing plague and is more commonly used to determine the presence of neutralizing antibodies in viral infections.
Streptococcus pyogenes releases:
- A. Enterotoxin
- B. Streptolysin
- C. Staphylocoagulase
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Streptolysin. Streptolysin is a toxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes that causes lysis of red blood cells and contributes to the pathogenicity of the bacteria. Enterotoxin (Choice A) is typically produced by Staphylococcus aureus, not Streptococcus pyogenes. Staphylocoagulase (Choice C) is an enzyme produced by Staphylococcus aureus to promote blood clot formation and is not associated with Streptococcus pyogenes. Therefore, the correct answer is B as Streptolysin is the toxin released by Streptococcus pyogenes.
Infection caused by the genus Candida can be successfully treated with:
- A. Penicillins
- B. Cephalosporins of third generation
- C. Nystatin
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice C (Nystatin) is the correct answer:
1. Nystatin is an antifungal medication specifically effective against Candida infections.
2. Candida is a type of fungus, not a bacteria targeted by penicillins (choice A) or cephalosporins (choice B).
3. Nystatin works by disrupting the fungal cell membrane, leading to its death.
4. Choice D (None of the above) is incorrect as Nystatin is a suitable treatment option for Candida infections.
The tool of choice to observe living microorganisms is the
- A. bright-field microscope
- B. phase-contrast microscope
- C. fluorescence microscope
- D. electron microscope
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: phase-contrast microscope. This type of microscope is ideal for observing living microorganisms because it enhances the contrast of transparent specimens without the need for staining or fixing, allowing for clear visualization of internal structures and movements. Bright-field microscopes (A) are suitable for observing fixed and stained specimens, not living organisms. Fluorescence microscopes (C) are used to detect specific cellular components tagged with fluorescent markers, not ideal for observing overall morphology. Electron microscopes (D) use electron beams and are best for viewing detailed structures at high magnification, but are not suitable for observing living organisms due to the need for vacuum conditions.
A veterenary attendant working at a cattle farm complains of joint pain, fever, indisposition and sweating at nighttime that he has been experiencing for a month. Giving the regard to such presentations and occupational history the doctor suspected brucellosis. What material taken from this patient is to be analyzed in a common microbiological laboratory?
- A. Blood serum
- B. Spinal fluid
- C. Vomit mass
- D. Urine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Blood serum. In suspected cases of brucellosis, blood serum is typically analyzed in a common microbiological laboratory. This is because the bacteria causing brucellosis, Brucella species, can be detected through serological tests in the blood serum. The presence of specific antibodies against Brucella in the serum confirms the diagnosis. Spinal fluid (choice B) would be analyzed in cases of suspected central nervous system infections, which are not typical for brucellosis. Vomit mass (choice C) is not a common sample for microbiological analysis in cases of brucellosis. Urine (choice D) is not the preferred sample for detecting Brucella antibodies; blood serum is the primary choice for serological testing.