Nokea
What assessment findings, specific to the endocrine glands, should a nurse observe while inspecting the skin of a client during a physical examination?
- A. Skin breaks that heal quickly
- B. Excessive hair growth or loss
- C. Increased thickness
- D. Rashes with no underlying cause
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excessive hair growth or loss can be indicative of endocrine imbalances, such as those seen in conditions like hyperthyroidism or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
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Which of the following is a trigger for the onset of Graves' disease?
- A. Trauma
- B. Iodine deficiency
- C. Stressful life events
- D. Bacterial infection
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Stressful life events. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excess thyroid hormone. Stressful life events can trigger or exacerbate autoimmune conditions like Graves' disease by impacting the immune system's functioning. Trauma, iodine deficiency, and bacterial infection are not direct triggers for Graves' disease. Trauma can cause thyroid issues but not specifically Graves' disease. Iodine deficiency can lead to goiter but is not a direct trigger for Graves' disease. Bacterial infections can cause thyroiditis but are not a common trigger for Graves' disease.
Regarding calcium:
- A. 20% of calcium is absorbed
- B. active transport of Ca2+ out of the lumen occurs primarily in the lower small intestine
- C. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol induces calcium binding protein synthesis in mucosal cell
- D. absorption is facilitated by phosphate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D, does induce calcium binding protein synthesis in mucosal cells, facilitating calcium absorption. This process occurs in the small intestine. Choices A and B are incorrect because around 30% of calcium is typically absorbed, and active transport of Ca2+ primarily occurs in the upper small intestine. Choice D is incorrect because phosphate does not directly facilitate calcium absorption.
Testosterone is best described as:
- A. virilizing.
- B. lactogenic.
- C. adenohypophyseal.
- D. pancreatic.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Testosterone is best described as virilizing because it is the primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male characteristics such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It plays a key role in virilization. The other choices, lactogenic, adenohypophyseal, and pancreatic, are incorrect because testosterone is not primarily associated with lactation, the anterior pituitary gland, or the pancreas.
What is observed when aqueous silver nitrate is added to this mixture?
- A. white precipitate
- B. white solution
- C. yellow precipitate
- D. yellow solution
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When aqueous silver nitrate is added to a mixture, a yellow precipitate forms if there are chloride ions present. This is due to the formation of silver chloride, which is insoluble in water. The reaction is AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl↓ + NO3-. Therefore, choice C is correct.
Choice A (white precipitate) is incorrect because silver chloride is yellow, not white. Choice B (white solution) is incorrect as a precipitate forms, not a solution. Choice D (yellow solution) is incorrect because the product is a solid precipitate, not a solution.
Which of the following is an alpha-blocker used in the treatment of hypertension:
- A. Tyramine
- B. Prazosin
- C. Ergometrine
- D. Ergotamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Understand the question is about an alpha-blocker for hypertension.
Step 2: Identify Prazosin as an alpha-blocker used for hypertension by blocking alpha-1 receptors.
Step 3: Explain how Prazosin works to dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
Step 4: Summarize why other choices are incorrect:
- A: Tyramine is not an alpha-blocker, it is found in certain foods.
- C: Ergometrine is an ergot alkaloid used for uterine contractions, not hypertension.
- D: Ergotamine is also an ergot alkaloid used for migraines, not hypertension.