Nokea
Identify the endocrine gland within the abdominal cavity, near the small intestine.
- A. Adrenal gland
- B. Hypothalamus
- C. Pancreas
- D. Thyroid gland
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Pancreas. The pancreas is an endocrine gland located in the abdominal cavity near the small intestine. It secretes hormones like insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels. The adrenal gland (A) is located on top of the kidneys, the hypothalamus (B) is in the brain, and the thyroid gland (D) is located in the neck. These glands are not near the small intestine, making them incorrect choices.
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Which of the following is a trigger for the onset of Graves' disease?
- A. Trauma
- B. Iodine deficiency
- C. Stressful life events
- D. Bacterial infection
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Stressful life events. Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to produce excess thyroid hormone. Stressful life events can trigger or exacerbate autoimmune conditions like Graves' disease by impacting the immune system's functioning. Trauma, iodine deficiency, and bacterial infection are not direct triggers for Graves' disease. Trauma can cause thyroid issues but not specifically Graves' disease. Iodine deficiency can lead to goiter but is not a direct trigger for Graves' disease. Bacterial infections can cause thyroiditis but are not a common trigger for Graves' disease.
What is observed when aqueous silver nitrate is added to this mixture?
- A. white precipitate
- B. white solution
- C. yellow precipitate
- D. yellow solution
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: When aqueous silver nitrate is added to a mixture, a yellow precipitate forms if there are chloride ions present. This is due to the formation of silver chloride, which is insoluble in water. The reaction is AgNO3 + Cl- → AgCl↓ + NO3-. Therefore, choice C is correct.
Choice A (white precipitate) is incorrect because silver chloride is yellow, not white. Choice B (white solution) is incorrect as a precipitate forms, not a solution. Choice D (yellow solution) is incorrect because the product is a solid precipitate, not a solution.
A patient with mild iatrogenic Cushing syndrome is on an alternate-day regimen of corticosteroid therapy. What does the nurse explain to the patient about this regimen?
- A. It maintains normal adrenal hormone balance.
- B. It prevents ACTH release from the pituitary gland.
- C. It minimizes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression.
- D. It provides a more effective therapeutic effect of the drug.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Alternate-day corticosteroid therapy minimizes hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, which helps prevent long-term adrenal insufficiency.
Hormones that bind to receptors inside of target cells are usually
- A. lipid soluble.
- B. water soluble.
- C. second messengers.
- D. proteins.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lipid soluble. Lipid-soluble hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors. This binding activates gene expression and affects protein synthesis within the cell. Water-soluble hormones, like choice B, bind to cell surface receptors and activate signaling pathways through second messengers (choice C). Proteins (choice D) are not hormones but rather macromolecules that can act as signaling molecules or receptors. Lipid solubility is crucial for hormones to exert their effects inside target cells, making choice A the correct answer.
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones?
- A. Iron
- B. Calcium
- C. Sodium
- D. Chlorine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Calcium. Calcium ions are commonly used as second messengers for amino acid-base hormones due to their ability to trigger various cellular responses. When the hormone binds to its receptor on the cell surface, it activates specific signaling pathways that lead to an increase in intracellular calcium levels. This rise in calcium ions then initiates downstream signaling cascades, ultimately regulating processes such as gene expression, cell growth, and metabolism.
Choice A - Iron: Iron is not typically involved in signaling pathways for amino acid-base hormones. It is more commonly known for its role in oxygen transport and storage in hemoglobin.
Choice C - Sodium: While sodium ions play essential roles in cellular functions, they are not typically utilized as second messengers for amino acid-base hormones. Sodium is more commonly associated with maintaining cell membrane potential and fluid balance.
Choice D - Chlorine: Chlorine ions are not typically involved in signaling pathways for amino acid-base hormones. Chlorine is primarily known for its role in maintaining