Nokea
Regarding calcium:
- A. 20% of calcium is absorbed
- B. active transport of Ca2+ out of the lumen occurs primarily in the lower small intestine
- C. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol induces calcium binding protein synthesis in mucosal cell
- D. absorption is facilitated by phosphate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D, does induce calcium binding protein synthesis in mucosal cells, facilitating calcium absorption. This process occurs in the small intestine. Choices A and B are incorrect because around 30% of calcium is typically absorbed, and active transport of Ca2+ primarily occurs in the upper small intestine. Choice D is incorrect because phosphate does not directly facilitate calcium absorption.
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The secretions from which of these glands differs between males and females?
- A. Adrenal.
- B. Parathyroid.
- C. Gonadal.
- D. Pancreas.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Gonadal. The secretions from gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females) differ between males and females due to the production of sex hormones (testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone in females). Adrenal glands (A) secrete similar hormones in both genders. Parathyroid (B) and Pancreas (D) do not secrete hormones that differ based on gender.
What assessment findings, specific to the endocrine glands, should a nurse observe while inspecting the skin of a client during a physical examination?
- A. Skin breaks that heal quickly
- B. Excessive hair growth or loss
- C. Increased thickness
- D. Rashes with no underlying cause
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Excessive hair growth or loss can be indicative of endocrine imbalances, such as those seen in conditions like hyperthyroidism or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
When teaching the patient with diabetes about insulin administration, the nurse should include which instruction for the patient?
- A. Pull back on the plunger after inserting the needle to check for blood.
- B. Consistently use the same size of insulin syringe to avoid dosing errors.
- C. Clean the skin at the injection site with an alcohol swab before each injection.
- D. Rotate injection sites from arms to thighs to abdomen with each injection to prevent lipodystrophies.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rotating injection sites is important to avoid lipodystrophies, which can impact insulin absorption.
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
- A. peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers
- B. hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly
- C. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
- D. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers.
Rationale:
1. Peptide hormones cannot enter the cell membrane due to their large size.
2. Hormones do not directly stimulate genes; they act through signaling pathways.
3. G proteins are key in transmitting signals from hormone receptors to second messengers, facilitating cellular responses.
4. The hormone receptor complex typically stays on the cell membrane to initiate signaling cascades.
Growth hormone ________.
- A. is also called somatostatin
- B. is regulated by humoral mechanisms
- C. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass
- D. promotes long bone growth during the formative years
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because growth hormone promotes long bone growth during the formative years by stimulating the growth plates in bones. This hormone plays a crucial role in skeletal growth and development. Choice A is incorrect because somatostatin is a different hormone that inhibits growth hormone release. Choice B is incorrect because growth hormone is primarily regulated by neural mechanisms. Choice C is incorrect because growth hormone actually promotes muscle growth and reduces fat mass.