Nokea
Mr. Hanover is recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis. Which of the following actions should be included in his nursing care plan to prevent recurrence of this condition?
- A. Notifying his physician if ketonuria persists for more than 12 hours
- B. Omitting fractional urines when under stress
- C. Decreasing his insulin dosage when a fever is present
- D. Omitting his insulin dose when vomiting is present
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ketonuria that persists for a prolonged period indicates that further intervention is needed, such as adjusting insulin therapy.
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A patient is admitted to the medical unit with possible Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism). Which assessment finding supports this diagnosis?
- A. Periorbital edema
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Exophthalmos
- D. Hoarse voice
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Exophthalmos, or bulging eyes, is a common and distinguishing feature of Graves' disease, a form of hyperthyroidism.
Hormones that bind to receptors inside of target cells are usually
- A. lipid soluble.
- B. water soluble.
- C. second messengers.
- D. proteins.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: lipid soluble. Lipid-soluble hormones can easily pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors. This binding activates gene expression and affects protein synthesis within the cell. Water-soluble hormones, like choice B, bind to cell surface receptors and activate signaling pathways through second messengers (choice C). Proteins (choice D) are not hormones but rather macromolecules that can act as signaling molecules or receptors. Lipid solubility is crucial for hormones to exert their effects inside target cells, making choice A the correct answer.
The clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones are the .
- A. islets of Langerhans
- B. pancreatic medulla
- C. pancreatic cortex
- D. nodules
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: islets of Langerhans. These clusters of cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing hormones such as insulin and glucagon. They play a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. The other choices, B: pancreatic medulla, C: pancreatic cortex, and D: nodules, are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the specific clusters of cells in the pancreas responsible for hormone production. It is important to understand the function and location of the islets of Langerhans to grasp the endocrine role of the pancreas.
Which hormone is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels?
- A. glucagon; liver
- B. melatonin; liver
- C. glucagon; kidney
- D. calcitonin; thyroid
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: glucagon is produced by the pancreas and acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels. Glucagon triggers the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the bloodstream. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland and is not involved in glucose regulation. Glucagon does not act on the kidney but specifically targets the liver. Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and plays a role in calcium regulation, not glucose metabolism.
Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?
- A. trigeminal
- B. vagus
- C. facial
- D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent (motor) swallow reflex involves motor nerves that control swallowing muscles. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) component of the swallow reflex, while the efferent component is carried out by other cranial nerves such as the glossopharyngeal (IX), facial (VII), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor response during swallowing. Trigeminal (V), facial (VII), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves play essential roles in the motor aspects of swallowing, making them incorrect choices.