Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a major endocrine organ, but produces hormones in addition to its major function?
- A. pancreas
- B. thymus
- C. kidneys
- D. pituitary
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: kidneys. The kidneys are not considered a major endocrine organ, but they do produce hormones such as erythropoietin and renin as part of their major function of regulating fluid balance and blood pressure. The pancreas (A) is a major endocrine organ producing insulin and glucagon. The thymus (B) is involved in immune function and produces hormones like thymosin. The pituitary (D) is often referred to as the master gland and secretes various hormones that regulate other endocrine glands.
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Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?
- A. trigeminal
- B. vagus
- C. facial
- D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent (motor) swallow reflex involves motor nerves that control swallowing muscles. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) component of the swallow reflex, while the efferent component is carried out by other cranial nerves such as the glossopharyngeal (IX), facial (VII), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor response during swallowing. Trigeminal (V), facial (VII), and hypoglossal (XII) nerves play essential roles in the motor aspects of swallowing, making them incorrect choices.
Which of the following is not part of the alimentary canal?
- A. Mouth
- B. Pharynx
- C. Larynx
- D. Oesophagus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Larynx. The alimentary canal is the digestive tract where food passes through. The larynx is not part of this pathway; it is part of the respiratory system, specifically involved in phonation and protecting the trachea during swallowing. The mouth, pharynx, and esophagus are all part of the alimentary canal, where food is ingested, swallowed, and transported to the stomach for digestion. Therefore, the larynx is the correct answer as it is not part of the digestive process.
Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone?
- A. It causes the excretion of calcium in the urine.
- B. It stimulates osteoblastic activity to form bone.
- C. It stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
- D. It increases plasma levels of calcium.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: It increases plasma levels of calcium. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increase calcium levels in the blood by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion in the kidneys. This process helps maintain proper calcium levels in the blood. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because PTH does not cause the excretion of calcium in the urine (A), stimulate osteoblastic activity to form bone (B), or stimulate the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin (C).
The superior suprarenal artery arises from:
- A. Abdominal aorta
- B. Inferior phrenic artery
- C. Renal artery
- D. Superior mesenteric artery
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Inferior phrenic artery. The superior suprarenal artery arises from the inferior phrenic artery, which supplies blood to the adrenal gland. The inferior phrenic artery originates from the abdominal aorta, near the celiac trunk. It is important to note that the adrenal glands receive blood supply from multiple sources, including the inferior phrenic artery. The other choices (A: Abdominal aorta, C: Renal artery, D: Superior mesenteric artery) do not directly supply blood to the adrenal glands, making them incorrect options.
When providing discharge instructions to a patient who had a subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism, what should the nurse teach the patient?
- A. Never miss a daily dose of thyroid replacement therapy.
- B. Avoid regular exercise until thyroid function is normalized.
- C. Use warm saltwater gargles several times a day to relieve throat pain.
- D. Substantially reduce caloric intake compared to what was eaten before surgery.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After thyroidectomy, patients will need lifelong thyroid replacement therapy, so it is critical to ensure they understand the importance of not missing doses.