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What best describes the goal of health advocacy?
- A. To influence health policies for better health outcomes
- B. To educate patients about their health conditions
- C. To provide clinical care to patients
- D. To reduce health care costs
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because health advocacy aims to influence health policies for better health outcomes at a population level. It involves advocating for changes in policies, regulations, and practices to address health disparities and improve public health. Choice B is incorrect as educating patients is more related to patient education. Choice C is incorrect as providing clinical care is the role of healthcare providers, not health advocates. Choice D is incorrect as the primary goal of health advocacy is not to reduce healthcare costs, but rather to promote health equity and access to quality care.
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When assisting clients in changing their behavior, what would be the most effective approach?
- A. Counseling through the Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange approach
- B. Encouraging them to interact with others who also need to change their behavior
- C. Showing them how the inappropriate behavior is hurting their friends and family
- D. Using subtle rewards when small steps are taken toward the appropriate behavior
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange approach is evidence-based and widely recognized for behavior change. Asking about behavior, advising to change, assessing readiness, assisting in making changes, and arranging follow-ups are key steps in effective behavior change interventions. Encouraging interaction with others (B) may help, but not as structured as A. Guilt-tripping (C) can lead to resistance and harm the therapeutic relationship. Subtle rewards (D) may provide short-term motivation but lack the systematic approach of A.
How does critical theory differ from other nursing theories such as the Health Belief Model or Orem's self-care deficit theory?
- A. Critical theory can be utilized by professionals other than nurses.
- B. Critical theory focuses on oppression and enables group action.
- C. Critical theory is indirectly associated with health promotion.
- D. Critical theory addresses challenging an individual's beliefs.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B is correct:
1. Critical theory focuses on analyzing power dynamics and social structures that lead to oppression within society.
2. It emphasizes enabling group action to challenge and transform these oppressive structures.
3. In nursing, critical theory promotes advocacy for marginalized populations and addressing social determinants of health.
4. Health Belief Model and Orem's theory focus more on individual behavior and self-care, whereas critical theory looks beyond individual actions to systemic issues.
Summary:
A - Incorrect. Critical theory is not exclusive to nurses; it can be utilized by professionals in various fields to address social injustices.
C - Incorrect. Critical theory is directly associated with health promotion through addressing social inequalities and advocating for social change.
D - Incorrect. While critical theory may challenge individual beliefs as part of addressing systemic issues, its primary focus is on social structures and group action.
Why is environmental health more challenging than other variables related to an individual's health?
- A. Environmental health affects susceptible individuals more than groups.
- B. Environmental health demands that individuals be willing to change their beliefs.
- C. Environmental health is dependent on social neighborhoods and geography.
- D. Environmental health requires social, economic, and political changes to improve.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because environmental health issues are complex and interconnected with social, economic, and political factors. Improving environmental health often involves addressing systemic issues and implementing large-scale changes. This includes policies, regulations, and community initiatives. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because environmental health impacts both individuals and groups, requires more than just individual behavior change, and goes beyond just social neighborhoods and geography.
Why is it difficult to get others interested in environmental health?
- A. Environmental problems are not perceived as interesting or dramatic.
- B. It is difficult to get the media interested.
- C. People respond more to an acute crisis than chronic environmental problems.
- D. People respond more to an individual asking for help than a community asking for help.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because people tend to respond more to immediate and acute crises rather than chronic environmental issues, which may not have immediate visible impacts. This is known as the "finite pool of worry" theory. People prioritize urgent problems over long-term issues. This is why it is difficult to get others interested in environmental health, as they may not perceive the gradual degradation of the environment as an urgent matter. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not address the fundamental psychological and behavioral aspect of human response to environmental issues.
Diabetes has become a major health problem. How can healthcare professionals help to reduce the incidence of diabetes?
- A. Conducting extensive screening of individuals with diabetes risk factors
- B. Facilitating the implementation of Republic Act 8191 - National Diabetes Act
- C. Establishing support groups for individuals with diabetes
- D. Increasing community awareness of diabetes prevention
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because increasing community awareness of diabetes prevention can help educate the public on lifestyle changes and risk factors. This empowers individuals to make healthier choices, ultimately reducing the incidence of diabetes. Conducting extensive screening (A) focuses on detection rather than prevention. Facilitating the implementation of a specific act (B) may not be feasible or effective in all settings. Establishing support groups (C) is beneficial for those already diagnosed but does not directly address prevention on a larger scale.