Nokea
What description applies to fragile X syndrome?
- A. Chromosomal defect affecting only females
- B. Second most common genetic cause of cognitive impairment
- C. Most common cause of uninherited cognitive impairment
- D. Chromosomal defect that follows the pattern of X-linked recessive disorders
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Fragile X syndrome is the second most common genetic cause of cognitive impairment after Down syndrome and the most common inherited cause, primarily affecting males via X-linked dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance. It is not limited to females, not uninherited, and not recessive.
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A 5-year-old child has bilateral eye patches in place after surgery yesterday morning. Today he can be out of bed. What nursing intervention is most important at this time?
- A. Speak to him when entering the room.
- B. Allow him to assist in feeding himself.
- C. Orient him to his immediate surroundings.
- D. Reassure him and allow his parents to stay with him.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Orienting the child to his surroundings is critical for safety, as bilateral eye patches impair vision and he is now mobile. Speaking on entry, assisting with feeding, and parental presence are important but secondary to ensuring a safe environment.
What condition is defined as reduced visual acuity in one eye despite appropriate optical correction?
- A. Myopia
- B. Hyperopia
- C. Amblyopia
- D. Astigmatism
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is reduced visual acuity in one eye despite correction, often due to insufficient visual stimulation. Myopia is nearsightedness, hyperopia is farsightedness, and astigmatism involves unequal refractive curvatures, none of which define amblyopia.
Autism is a complex developmental disorder. The diagnostic criteria for autism include delayed or abnormal functioning in which area with onset before age 3 years?
- A. Parallel play
- B. Gross motor development
- C. Ability to maintain eye contact
- D. Growth below the fifth percentile
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A hallmark of autism spectrum disorders is the inability to maintain eye contact, reflecting impaired social interaction, with onset before age 3. Parallel play and gross motor development are typically unaffected, and physical growth is not a diagnostic criterion.
What intervention is most appropriate to facilitate social development of a child with a cognitive impairment?
- A. Provide age-appropriate toys and play activities.
- B. Avoid exposure to strangers who may not understand cognitive development.
- C. Provide peer experiences, such as infant stimulation and preschool programs.
- D. Emphasize mastery of physical skills because they are delayed more often than verbal skills.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Peer experiences, such as infant stimulation and preschool programs, foster social development by providing opportunities for interaction. Age-appropriate toys support play but not socialization, avoiding strangers limits social growth, and verbal skills are often more delayed than physical skills.
A 2-week-old infant with Down syndrome is being seen in the clinic. His mother tells the nurse that he is difficult to hold, that hes like a rag doll. He doesnt cuddle up to me like my other babies did. What is the nurses best interpretation of this lack of clinging or molding?
- A. Sign of detachment and rejection
- B. Indicative of maternal deprivation
- C. A physical characteristic of Down syndrome
- D. Suggestive of autism associated with Down syndrome
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypotonicity and hyperextensibility in Down syndrome cause a rag doll-like posture, making holding difficult. This is a physical characteristic, not detachment, maternal deprivation, or autism, which is not typically associated with Down syndrome at this age.