Nokea
What dietary recommendation is essential for a child with phenylketonuria (PKU)?
- A. High-protein diet
- B. Low-fat diet
- C. Low-phenylalanine diet
- D. High-fiber diet
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Low-phenylalanine diet.' Children with phenylketonuria (PKU) need to follow a low-phenylalanine diet to manage the condition. Phenylalanine is an amino acid found in protein-containing foods, and individuals with PKU have difficulty metabolizing it, leading to neurological damage and other complications. Therefore, restricting phenylalanine intake is crucial. Choice A, 'High-protein diet,' is incorrect because high protein intake would increase phenylalanine levels, worsening the condition. Choice B, 'Low-fat diet,' and Choice D, 'High-fiber diet,' are not the primary focus for PKU patients. The key dietary intervention for PKU is controlling phenylalanine intake, which is best achieved through a low-phenylalanine diet.
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How should a healthcare provider address concerns about a child's developmental milestones?
- A. Recommend delaying intervention until school age
- B. Provide resources for early intervention services
- C. Suggest dietary changes
- D. Avoid further assessment
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Correct Answer: Providing resources for early intervention services is crucial for addressing developmental concerns and supporting the child's growth and development. Early intervention is key to improving outcomes. Recommending delaying intervention until school age (Choice A) is not advised as addressing issues early leads to better results. Suggesting dietary changes (Choice C) is not the primary approach to addressing developmental milestones. Avoiding further assessment (Choice D) can impede the timely identification and management of developmental delays.
What type of vaccine should a child with a history of severe allergic reactions receive?
- A. Live attenuated vaccines
- B. Inactivated vaccines
- C. Subunit vaccines
- D. Recombinant vaccines
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Children with a history of severe allergic reactions should receive inactivated vaccines because they do not contain live pathogens. Live attenuated vaccines (choice A) contain weakened live pathogens and can potentially trigger an allergic reaction in sensitive individuals. Subunit vaccines (choice C) and recombinant vaccines (choice D) may contain components that could still trigger an allergic response in individuals with a history of severe allergies. Inactivated vaccines are the safest choice for individuals with a history of severe allergic reactions as they do not pose a risk of causing an allergic reaction due to the absence of live pathogens.
You have been asked to help a top nutrition researcher conduct human experiments on vitamin C. As the subjects walk into the laboratory, you distribute all the vitamin C pill bottles to the girls and all the placebo pill bottles to the boys. What should you have done?
- A. Giving all the boys the vitamin C and the girls the placebo, and telling them what they were getting.
- B. Distributing the bottles randomly, randomizing the subjects, and telling them what they were getting.
- C. Telling the subjects which group they were in, but preventing yourself from knowing the contents of the pill bottles.
- D. Preventing yourself from knowing what is in the pill bottles, and distributing the bottles randomly to the subjects.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct approach in a scientific experiment is to prevent yourself from knowing the contents of the pill bottles and distribute them randomly to the subjects. This randomization helps to avoid bias and ensures that the results are not influenced by preconceived notions. Option A is incorrect because it introduces gender bias by assigning pills based on gender. Option B is incorrect as it mentions telling the subjects what they are getting, which could lead to placebo effects. Option C is incorrect as it suggests disclosing group information to the subjects, which can also introduce bias.
Gram for gram, which class of nutrient provides the most energy?
- A. fats
- B. alcohols
- C. proteins
- D. carbohydrates
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is fats. Fats provide 9 kilocalories per gram, which is more energy-dense compared to proteins and carbohydrates. While proteins and carbohydrates provide 4 kilocalories per gram, fats provide more than twice the energy, making them the most energy-providing nutrient. Alcohols are not considered essential nutrients and do not provide energy for the body, unlike fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Therefore, fats are the correct answer for the most energy-providing nutrient.
The parents of a child with sickle cell anemia ask why their child experiences pain. What is the most likely cause?
- A. Inflammation of the vessels
- B. Obstructed blood flow
- C. Overhydration
- D. Stress-related headaches
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In sickle cell anemia, pain is primarily caused by the obstruction of blood flow by sickle-shaped cells. This obstruction leads to inadequate oxygen supply to tissues, resulting in tissue damage and pain. Choice A, inflammation of the vessels, is incorrect as it is not the primary cause of pain in sickle cell anemia. Choice C, overhydration, is unrelated to the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia and would not lead to the characteristic pain experienced. Choice D, stress-related headaches, is also unrelated to the underlying mechanisms of pain in sickle cell anemia.