Nokea
What does the term 'peristalsis' refer to?
- A. the mixing of digestive juices
- B. the voluntary contraction of muscles
- C. the rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract
- D. the absorption of nutrients
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Peristalsis refers to the rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract. This process helps propel food from the esophagus to the stomach and through the intestines for digestion and absorption. It is an involuntary movement controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to digestion, not movement. Choice B is incorrect as peristalsis is involuntary, not voluntary. Choice D is incorrect as peristalsis does not involve absorption but rather transportation of food.
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A client with a GI disorder has to undergo a barium swallow test. Which of the following diet restrictions are required prior to the test?
- A. NPO for 8 to 12 hours before the test
- B. NPO for 6 to 8 hours before the test
- C. Maintain normal fluid intake 1 or 2 hours before the test
- D. Avoidance of red meat 3 days prior to testing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: NPO for 8 to 12 hours before the test. This is necessary to ensure the client's stomach is empty, allowing for clear visualization of the GI tract during the barium swallow test. NPO for a longer duration helps prevent any interference from food or liquids.
Choice B is incorrect because 6-8 hours might not be sufficient for complete emptying of the stomach. Choice C is incorrect as maintaining normal fluid intake may lead to residual fluids in the stomach, affecting test accuracy. Choice D is unrelated to the test and does not impact the visualization of the GI tract.
The patient experienced a blood transfusion reaction. How should the nurse explain to the patient the cause of the hemolytic jaundice that occurred?
- A. Results from hepatocellular disease
- B. Due to a malaria parasite breaking apart red blood cells (RBCs)
- C. Results from decreased flow of bile through the liver or biliary system
- D. Due to increased breakdown of RBCs that caused elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Hemolytic jaundice in a blood transfusion reaction is due to increased breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) causing elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin. This occurs when the patient's immune system reacts to the transfused blood, leading to destruction of RBCs. The breakdown of these cells releases hemoglobin, which is metabolized into bilirubin. This unconjugated bilirubin then accumulates in the blood, causing jaundice.
Choice A is incorrect because hepatocellular disease does not directly cause hemolytic jaundice. Choice B is incorrect as malaria parasite breaking apart RBCs leads to hemolysis, not a blood transfusion reaction. Choice C is incorrect as decreased bile flow through the liver or biliary system typically causes obstructive jaundice, not hemolytic jaundice.
Which of these processes occurs in the mouth?
- A. ingestion
- B. mechanical digestion
- C. chemical digestion
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In the mouth, ingestion occurs when food is taken in. Mechanical digestion occurs through chewing and mixing food with saliva. Chemical digestion begins with enzymes in saliva breaking down carbohydrates. Therefore, all processes (ingestion, mechanical digestion, and chemical digestion) occur in the mouth. Other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the processes that happen in the mouth.
A client with an ileostomy wants to know why to avoid fibrous vegetables. What should be the nurse's response?
- A. They cause gas formation.
- B. They cause stomal obstruction.
- C. They are difficult to digest.
- D. They increase the risk of diarrhea.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because fibrous vegetables can potentially cause stomal obstruction in clients with an ileostomy due to their indigestible nature, leading to blockages in the stoma. This can result in severe complications and require medical intervention. Gas formation (choice A) is a common issue with high-fiber foods but is not specific to fibrous vegetables. Fibrous vegetables are not necessarily difficult to digest (choice C) for most individuals, although they may be harder for those with reduced gut function. While fibrous vegetables may contribute to loose stools, they do not directly increase the risk of diarrhea (choice D) in the same way they can cause stomal obstruction.
What treatment for acute cholecystitis will prevent further stimulation of the gallbladder?
- A. NPO with NG suction
- B. Incisional cholecystectomy
- C. Administration of antiemetics
- D. Administration of anticholinergics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: NPO with NG suction. This treatment prevents further stimulation of the gallbladder by resting the digestive system and reducing the secretion of bile. NPO stands for "nothing by mouth," which reduces gallbladder contractions. NG suction removes stomach contents, preventing bile from reaching the gallbladder. Incisional cholecystectomy is a surgical removal of the gallbladder and not a preventive measure. Antiemetics help control nausea and vomiting but do not directly prevent gallbladder stimulation. Anticholinergics inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system but are not typically used to prevent gallbladder stimulation.