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What is a common sign of hypothyroidism in children?
- A. Weight loss
- B. Increased heart rate
- C. Dry skin and constipation
- D. Elevated blood pressure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Dry skin and constipation are typical signs of hypothyroidism in children. Hypothyroidism results from an underactive thyroid gland, leading to symptoms such as dry skin and constipation. Weight loss (Choice A) is more commonly associated with hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid gland is overactive. Increased heart rate (Choice B) and elevated blood pressure (Choice D) are also more characteristic of hyperthyroidism rather than hypothyroidism. Therefore, the correct answer is dry skin and constipation (Choice C) when identifying signs of hypothyroidism in children.
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What is a common treatment for a child with iron-deficiency anemia?
- A. Iron supplements
- B. High-protein diet
- C. Vitamin B12 injections
- D. Sodium chloride solution
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Iron supplements are the correct choice for treating iron-deficiency anemia in children. Iron supplements help replenish the low iron levels in the body, addressing the underlying cause of the anemia. High-protein diets may be beneficial for overall health but are not the primary treatment for iron-deficiency anemia. Vitamin B12 injections are used to treat B12 deficiency anemia, a different type of anemia. Sodium chloride solution is not a treatment for anemia and is typically used for hydration purposes.
Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates in the body?
- A. They provide insulation and support for organs.
- B. They help regulate body temperature.
- C. They serve as the body's main structural components.
- D. They are the body's primary source of energy.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy, fueling daily activities and bodily functions. Choice A is incorrect because insulation and organ support are primarily provided by adipose tissue and structural proteins, not carbohydrates. Choice B is incorrect because the regulation of body temperature is mainly controlled by processes like sweating and shivering, not carbohydrates. Choice C is incorrect because structural components like proteins are responsible for building tissues and organs, not carbohydrates.
What is the most common initial symptom of juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
- A. Joint swelling and pain
- B. Skin rash
- C. Gastrointestinal bleeding
- D. Neurological deficits
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Joint swelling and pain. These are the most common initial symptoms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, typically affecting multiple joints. Skin rash (choice B), gastrointestinal bleeding (choice C), and neurological deficits (choice D) are not typical initial symptoms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Skin rash may be seen in other conditions like dermatitis or systemic lupus erythematosus, gastrointestinal bleeding may be associated with conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological deficits could be indicative of conditions like multiple sclerosis.
What is the primary treatment for a child with an anaphylactic reaction?
- A. Oral antihistamines
- B. Intravenous fluids
- C. Epinephrine injection
- D. Antipyretics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine injection. An epinephrine injection is the primary treatment for an anaphylactic reaction in children. Epinephrine acts quickly to reverse severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, and hives. Oral antihistamines, although useful for milder allergic reactions, are not sufficient to manage the potentially life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis. Intravenous fluids may be necessary to support blood pressure in a child with anaphylaxis but are not the primary treatment. Antipyretics, on the other hand, are medications used to reduce fever and are not indicated as the primary treatment for an anaphylactic reaction.
What is a key sign of meningitis in an infant?
- A. Increased appetite
- B. Bulging fontanel
- C. Decreased respiratory rate
- D. Elevated blood pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A bulging fontanel is a key sign of meningitis in infants, indicating increased intracranial pressure due to inflammation of the meninges. This can lead to the fontanel bulging. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Increased appetite is not typically associated with meningitis in infants; instead, they may have poor feeding. A decreased respiratory rate is not a common sign of meningitis in infants. Elevated blood pressure is also not a typical finding in infants with meningitis.