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What is a condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is consistently too high, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hypotension
- C. Diabetes
- D. Hyperlipidemia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypertension is defined as consistently high blood pressure, a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
2. Hypotension is low blood pressure, not associated with increased risk of heart disease or stroke.
3. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder, not directly related to blood pressure.
4. Hyperlipidemia is high levels of fats in the blood, which can contribute to heart disease but not specifically related to high blood pressure.
Summary:
Hypertension is the correct answer because it specifically refers to high blood pressure, a significant risk factor for heart disease and stroke. Hypotension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia are incorrect as they do not directly cause consistently high blood pressure.
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What is the primary consideration when preparing to administer thrombolytic therapy to a patient who is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI)?
- A. History of heart disease.
- B. Sensitivity to aspirin.
- C. Size and location of the MI.
- D. Time since onset of symptoms.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Thrombolytic therapy is most effective when administered within a few hours of symptom onset.
Which term refers to the contraction phase of the heart when blood is ejected from the chambers?
- A. Systole
- B. Diastole
- C. Contractility
- D. Afterload
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Systole. During systole, the heart muscle contracts to pump blood out of the chambers. This phase is essential for delivering oxygenated blood to the body. Diastole (B) is the relaxation phase when the heart fills with blood. Contractility (C) refers to the heart's ability to contract, not a specific phase. Afterload (D) is the pressure the heart must pump against to eject blood, not a phase of the cardiac cycle. Therefore, the term that specifically refers to the contraction phase of the heart is systole.
What is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the small airways in the lungs, leading to episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing?
- A. Asthma
- B. COPD
- C. Bronchitis
- D. Lung cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Asthma. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the small airways in the lungs, causing symptoms like wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. The inflammation in the airways leads to narrowing and constriction, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of asthma. Asthma is typically triggered by various factors such as allergens, pollutants, exercise, or infections.
Summary of other choices:
B: COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a different condition characterized by irreversible airflow limitation due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
C: Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often caused by viral infections or smoking, but it does not specifically target the small airways like asthma.
D: Lung cancer is a malignancy that arises in the lungs and is not primarily associated with chronic inflammation of the small airways as seen in asthma.
Which test measures the electrical activity of the heart and can detect arrhythmias and other heart conditions?
- A. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
- B. Chest X-ray
- C. MRI
- D. CT scan
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart, detecting arrhythmias and other heart conditions by recording the heart's electrical impulses. This test is non-invasive and provides valuable information about the heart's function. Chest X-ray (B) primarily shows the heart's size and shape, not electrical activity. MRI (C) and CT scan (D) are imaging tests that provide detailed anatomical images but do not directly measure heart electrical activity.
Which condition occurs when the heart muscle is damaged due to a lack of oxygen, often resulting from a heart attack?
- A. Myocardial infarction
- B. Angina
- C. Pericarditis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when the heart muscle is damaged due to a lack of oxygen supply, often caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries. This results in irreversible damage to the heart tissue.
Explanation:
A: Myocardial infarction is the correct answer as it specifically refers to heart muscle damage due to oxygen deprivation.
B: Angina is chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, but it does not result in permanent damage like a heart attack.
C: Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, and does not directly involve heart muscle damage.
D: Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery in the lungs, not directly related to heart muscle damage.