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What is a condition where the heart's electrical impulses are blocked or delayed, leading to a slower or irregular heartbeat?
- A. Heart block
- B. Atrial fibrillation
- C. Tachycardia
- D. Bradycardia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Heart block. Heart block refers to a condition where the heart's electrical impulses are blocked or delayed, leading to a slower or irregular heartbeat. This occurs when there is interference with the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm as they travel through the heart's conduction system. Atrial fibrillation (B) is an irregular and often rapid heart rate that can occur due to chaotic electrical signals in the heart's upper chambers. Tachycardia (C) is a condition where the heart rate is too fast, not slower or irregular. Bradycardia (D) refers to a slow heart rate but not necessarily due to electrical impulse blockage.
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The nurse is monitoring a client on dobutamine. What adverse effect should the nurse watch for?
- A. Tachycardia
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Hypertension
- D. Respiratory distress
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tachycardia. Dobutamine is a beta-adrenergic agonist that stimulates the heart, increasing heart rate and contractility. Therefore, tachycardia is an expected adverse effect. Bradycardia (B) would be unlikely due to dobutamine's cardiac stimulant effects. Hypertension (C) could occur but is less common than tachycardia. Respiratory distress (D) is not a common adverse effect of dobutamine.
What is the condition where the arteries in the brain become blocked or narrowed, leading to reduced blood flow and a potential stroke?
- A. Cerebral atherosclerosis
- B. Coronary artery disease
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Peripheral artery disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cerebral atherosclerosis. This condition specifically refers to the buildup of plaque in the arteries supplying the brain, leading to blockages or narrowing. Reduced blood flow in the brain can result in a stroke. Coronary artery disease (B) affects the heart's blood vessels, not the brain. Pulmonary embolism (C) involves a blockage in the arteries of the lungs. Peripheral artery disease (D) affects arteries outside of the heart and brain, usually in the limbs. Therefore, the correct answer is A as it directly relates to the blockages in the brain arteries leading to a potential stroke.
Which condition involves the body's immune system attacking the lungs and kidneys, causing severe respiratory and renal damage?
- A. Goodpasture syndrome
- B. Sarcoidosis
- C. Wegener's granulomatosis
- D. Interstitial lung disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for A being correct:
1. Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against collagen in the lungs and kidneys.
2. Antibodies attack the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys, leading to severe respiratory and renal damage.
3. Symptoms include coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, and kidney failure.
4. Treatment involves immunosuppressive therapy and plasma exchange to remove harmful antibodies.
Summary:
- B: Sarcoidosis involves granulomas in multiple organs but typically not lung-kidney damage.
- C: Wegener's granulomatosis affects the respiratory tract and kidneys but involves inflammation, not antibodies against collagen.
- D: Interstitial lung disease is a broad term for various lung conditions but doesn't specifically involve the immune system attacking lungs and kidneys.
Which condition is characterized by the right ventricle of the heart failing due to increased pressure in the lungs, often caused by chronic lung disease?
- A. Cor pulmonale
- B. Pulmonary embolism
- C. Aortic stenosis
- D. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cor pulmonale. This condition is characterized by right ventricle failure due to increased pulmonary pressure from chronic lung disease. Step 1: Chronic lung disease causes increased pressure in the lungs. Step 2: The increased pressure in the lungs leads to the right ventricle of the heart working harder to pump blood through the lungs. Step 3: Over time, this increased workload can cause right ventricular failure, known as cor pulmonale. Summary: B is incorrect as pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage of an artery in the lungs. C is incorrect as aortic stenosis involves narrowing of the aortic valve, affecting the left ventricle. D is incorrect as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic condition causing thickening of the heart muscle.
What is this surgical procedure that restores blood flow to the heart by diverting blood around a blocked artery?
- A. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
- B. Angioplasty
- C. Stent placement
- D. Valve replacement
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This procedure involves diverting blood flow around a blocked artery using a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body. It is the most effective treatment for severe coronary artery disease. Angioplasty (B) involves opening a blocked artery with a balloon, stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep an artery open, and valve replacement (D) is for replacing damaged heart valves, not restoring blood flow to the heart.