Nokea
What is a rationale that reflects the importance of the nurse asking a patient about their immunization history?
- A. to assess the patient's immunity against diseases and determine the need for further immunizations
- B. to evaluate the patient's dietary habits and potential nutrient deficiencies
- C. to identify any genetic predispositions to autoimmune diseases
- D. to determine the patient's level of compliance for preventive care
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because asking about the patient's immunization history helps assess their immunity against diseases and determine the need for further immunizations, ensuring they are protected from preventable illnesses. This is crucial for providing appropriate care and preventive measures.
Choice B is incorrect as assessing dietary habits and nutrient deficiencies is not directly related to immunization history.
Choice C is incorrect as genetic predispositions to autoimmune diseases are not typically identified through immunization history.
Choice D is incorrect as compliance for preventive care can be determined through other means and is not the primary purpose of asking about immunization history.
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Which medication should be taken in the morning to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis?
- A. Cyclophosphamide
- B. Methotrexate
- C. Leflunomide
- D. Adalimumab
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide can cause hemorrhagic cystitis as a side effect, which is less likely to occur if taken in the morning due to the diurnal variation in bladder toxicity. Methotrexate, Leflunomide, and Adalimumab are not associated with hemorrhagic cystitis and do not require specific timing for administration to prevent this side effect.
Patients with severely reduced C3 levels tend to have
- A. increased numbers of severe viral infections
- B. increased numbers of severe bacterial infections
- C. low gamma globulin levels
- D. frequent episodes of hemolytic anemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: increased numbers of severe bacterial infections. Severely reduced C3 levels indicate a deficiency in the complement system, which plays a key role in immune defense against bacteria. Without C3, the ability to opsonize bacteria and enhance phagocytosis is impaired, leading to an increased susceptibility to severe bacterial infections. The other choices are incorrect because low gamma globulin levels are associated with antibody deficiencies, severe viral infections are typically more common with T-cell deficiencies, and hemolytic anemia is linked to issues with red blood cell destruction rather than bacterial infections.
Scientific studies have indicated that there is a higher percentage of allergies in babies fed formula containing cow's milk than in breast-fed babies. Which statement represents a valid inference made from these studies?
- A. Milk from cows causes allergic reactions in all infants.
- B. Breast feeding prevents all allergies from occurring.
- C. There is no relationship between drinking cow's milk and having allergies.
- D. Breast milk most likely contains fewer substances that trigger allergies.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale for Answer D:
1. Scientific studies show higher allergies in cow's milk-fed babies.
2. Breast milk is the alternative in this scenario.
3. Breast milk is generally considered hypoallergenic.
4. Breast milk contains fewer potential allergens.
5. Thus, breast milk most likely contains fewer allergy triggers.
Summary:
A: Overgeneralization, not all infants react to cow's milk.
B: Absolute statement, breast milk is not 100% effective against all allergies.
C: Contradicts scientific findings, relationship exists between cow's milk and allergies.
A chest x-ray examination is ordered for a child with suspected cardiac problems. The child’s parent asks the nurse, 'What will the x-ray show about the heart?' The nurse’s response should be based on knowledge that the x-ray film will do which of the following?
- A. Show bones of chest but not the heart
- B. Evaluate the vascular anatomy outside of the heart
- C. Show a graphic measure of electrical activity of the heart
- D. Provide information on heart size and pulmonary blood flow patterns
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Provide information on heart size and pulmonary blood flow patterns. A chest x-ray can reveal the size of the heart and indicate any abnormalities in the pulmonary blood flow patterns. This is important in assessing cardiac function.
A: Show bones of chest but not the heart - This is incorrect as a chest x-ray can show the heart along with the bones of the chest.
B: Evaluate the vascular anatomy outside of the heart - This is incorrect as a chest x-ray primarily focuses on the heart and lungs.
C: Show a graphic measure of electrical activity of the heart - This is incorrect as an ECG (electrocardiogram) is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart, not a chest x-ray.
On January 15, a patient developed an illness suggestive of influenza... Her hemagglutination inhibition titer to influenza A virus was 10 on January 18, 40 on January 30, and 320 on February 20. Which one of the following is the MOST appropriate interpretation?
- A. The patient was ill with influenza A on January 15
- B. The patient was ill with influenza A on February 20
- C. The patient was not infected with influenza virus
- D. The patient has an autoimmune disease
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the increasing hemagglutination inhibition titer from 10 on January 18 to 320 on February 20 indicates a rise in antibody levels, which is consistent with the patient being infected with influenza A virus. This suggests that the patient was ill with influenza A on January 15, as it takes time for antibody levels to rise in response to an infection.
Choice B is incorrect because the highest titer was on February 20, which indicates peak antibody response, not the onset of illness. Choice C is incorrect as the increasing titer levels suggest an active infection. Choice D is incorrect as the titer results are indicative of an immune response to an infection, not an autoimmune disease.