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What is a type of heart disease that involves the thickening or stiffening of the heart muscle, reducing its ability to pump blood?
- A. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- B. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- C. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- D. Arrhythmia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This condition involves the thickening of the heart muscle, leading to reduced blood pumping ability. This thickening makes it harder for the heart to relax and fill with blood properly, impairing its ability to pump effectively. Dilated cardiomyopathy (B) involves the enlargement of the heart chambers, not thickening. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (C) involves stiffening but not necessarily thickening of the heart muscle. Arrhythmia (D) refers to irregular heart rhythms and does not relate to the structural changes in the heart muscle seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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What procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to remove excess fluid and help the patient breathe more easily?
- A. Thoracentesis
- B. Bronchoscopy
- C. Spirometry
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thoracentesis. This procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to drain excess fluid, which can accumulate due to conditions like pleural effusion or pneumonia, helping the patient breathe easier. It's performed under ultrasound guidance, ensuring precise fluid removal without damaging nearby structures. Thoracentesis is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, providing fluid for analysis and relieving symptoms of dyspnea.
Summary:
B: Bronchoscopy is a procedure to visualize the airways using a thin, flexible tube and is not used for draining pleural fluid.
C: Spirometry is a lung function test measuring airflow and is not a procedure for removing pleural fluid.
D: Arterial blood gas (ABG) is a blood test to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and is not related to removing pleural fluid.
In developing a plan of care in relation to Mr. Robertson's diuretic therapy, it would be most important to
- A. Monitor vital signs frequently
- B. Give the Lasix with milk
- C. Observe for fluid overload
- D. Observe for signs of hypokalemia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypokalemia is a common side effect of diuretics.
A patient with cardiogenic shock receives a nursing diagnosis of decreased cardiac output. With the appropriate interventions, the anticipated outcome is for the patient to achieve:
- A. baseline activity level.
- B. baseline cardiac function.
- C. decreased afterload.
- D. reduced anxiety.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Restoring baseline cardiac function is the goal in managing decreased cardiac output.
Which of the following is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by the irreversible obstruction of airflow?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- B. Asthma
- C. Pulmonary edema
- D. Bronchiectasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction due to conditions such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. This is because COPD causes damage to the airways and alveoli, leading to decreased airflow. Asthma (B) is a chronic inflammatory disease with reversible airflow obstruction. Pulmonary edema (C) is caused by fluid accumulation in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing but is not characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction. Bronchiectasis (D) involves the widening and scarring of the airways, leading to recurrent infections, but it is not specifically characterized by irreversible airflow obstruction.
What is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other parts of the body?
- A. Heart failure
- B. Cardiomyopathy
- C. Pericarditis
- D. Aortic stenosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Heart failure is a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently.
Step 2: This inefficiency leads to fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary congestion) and other parts of the body.
Step 3: Cardiomyopathy is a broad term for diseases that affect the heart muscle but may not necessarily result in heart failure.
Step 4: Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, not directly related to heart pumping efficiency.
Step 5: Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve narrows, affecting blood flow from the heart but not necessarily leading to heart failure.