Nokea
What is accurate about the characteristics of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)?
- A. They have high amounts of triglycerides.
- B. They have only small amounts of protein.
- C. They have little cholesterol.
- D. They aid in steroid production.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: HDLs have low amounts of triglycerides, large amounts of proteins, low amounts of cholesterol, and are excreted via the liver. They have no role in the production of steroids.
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Which medication should the nurse give to a child diagnosed with transposition of the great vessels?
- A. Ibuprofen
- B. Betamethasone
- C. Prostaglandin E
- D. Indocin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prostaglandin E keeps the ductus arteriosus open, which is essential for maintaining adequate circulation in transposition of the great vessels until corrective surgery is performed.
The following conditions may present with microcephaly:
- A. Dandy-Walker malformation
- B. Congenital rubella
- C. Rett syndrome
- D. Edward's syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Congenital rubella syndrome is associated with microcephaly due to intrauterine infection affecting brain development.
List THREE major criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
- A. Persistently positive blood cultures
- B. Echo evidence positive for IE
- C. New valvar regurgitation
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The major criteria are critical for diagnosing infective endocarditis based on clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic findings.
An 8-year-old female presents with chest pain of 1 day's duration. Five days prior to the pain, she had fever, chills, and myalgias. Physical examination reveals an uncomfortable, anxious, afebrile patient with tachycardia, no murmur, and distant heart sounds. The chest x-ray is shown in Figure 19-2. There is a paradoxical pulse of 22 mm Hg. The most likely diagnosis is
- A. myocarditis
- B. cardiomyopathy
- C. Kawasaki disease
- D. pericarditis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pericarditis causes distant heart sounds, paradoxical pulse, and can follow viral illnesses.
The nurse is caring for a child with persistent hypoxia secondary to a cardiac defect. The nurse recognizes that a risk exists of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes). Which is an important objective to decrease this risk?
- A. Minimize seizures
- B. Prevent dehydration
- C. Promote cardiac output
- D. Reduce energy expenditure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In children with persistent hypoxia, polycythemia develops. Dehydration must be prevented in hypoxemic children because it potentiates the risk of strokes. Minimizing seizures, promoting cardiac output, and reducing energy expenditure will not reduce the risk of cerebrovascular accidents.