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What is Carboprost used for?
- A. Affects milk production.
- B. Relieve constriction ring.
- C. Management of post-partum haemorrhage.
- D. Induce labor.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.
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Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Kidney/renal system
- A. Kidneys increase in size, pelvis dilates, ureters elongate and dilate, and the glomerular filtration rate increases.
- B. Kidneys decrease in size, and glomerular filtration rate decreases.
- C. There is no change in kidney size or ureter function, but the glomerular filtration rate decreases.
- D. Kidneys shrink, and ureters remain the same.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During pregnancy, the kidneys increase in size, the pelvis dilates, ureters elongate and dilate, and the glomerular filtration rate increases. This is due to the increased metabolic demands and hormonal changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as the kidneys do not decrease in size, and the glomerular filtration rate actually increases. Choice C is incorrect as there are changes in kidney size and ureter function during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as the kidneys do not shrink during pregnancy.
The structures of the vulva lie ____________ to the vagina.
- A. Posterior
- B. Inferior
- C. Lateral
- D. Superior
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is 'Inferior.' The structures of the vulva are positioned below the vagina, making them inferior. Choice A, 'Posterior,' refers to structures located at the back, not below the vagina. Choice C, 'Lateral,' means to the side, which is not the correct orientation in this context. Choice D, 'Superior,' indicates above, which is the opposite of the correct relationship described in the question.
Which of the following tests is positive in pelvic inflammatory disease?
- A. Cervical excitation test
- B. Chadwick sign
- C. Jacquiners sign
- D. Palmers sign
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cervical excitation test. The cervical excitation test is positive in pelvic inflammatory disease. This test involves pain or tenderness upon movement of the cervix, indicating inflammation of the pelvic organs. Chadwick sign (choice B) refers to a bluish discoloration of the cervix, vagina, and labia due to increased vascularity and is not a test for PID. Jacquiners sign (choice C) and Palmers sign (choice D) are not recognized clinical signs or tests for PID, making them incorrect choices.
What is the primary use of Bromocriptine?
- A. Relieve constriction ring.
- B. Manage post-partum hemorrhage.
- C. Affect milk production.
- D. Be used in pre-eclampsia.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bromocriptine is primarily used to affect milk production. It is a medication commonly prescribed to help suppress lactation, particularly in cases of postpartum breast engorgement or when stopping breastfeeding. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as Bromocriptine is not indicated for relieving constriction ring, managing post-partum hemorrhage, or treating pre-eclampsia.
A menstrual disorder with irregular or continuous bleeding from the uterus is known as:
- A. Menorrhagia
- B. Metrorrhagia
- C. Polymenorrhoea
- D. Epimenorrhoea
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metrorrhagia is the correct term for irregular or continuous bleeding from the uterus. Menorrhagia refers to heavy menstrual bleeding, not necessarily irregular. Polymenorrhoea is characterized by frequent menstrual periods, while Epimenorrhoea is not a recognized medical term related to menstrual disorders.