Nokea
What is hypersensitivity in immunology?
- A. An excessive or inappropriate immune response causing tissue damage
- B. The body's inability to mount an immune response
- C. A low-level immune reaction to antigens
- D. A mechanism for faster immune response during infections
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Hypersensitivity in immunology refers to an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response.
2. This excessive response can lead to tissue damage and various immune-mediated conditions.
3. Choice A accurately describes this concept.
Summary:
- Choice A is correct as it accurately defines hypersensitivity.
- Choice B is incorrect as hypersensitivity involves an exaggerated immune response, not an inability to mount one.
- Choice C is incorrect as hypersensitivity is not a low-level immune reaction.
- Choice D is incorrect as hypersensitivity is not a mechanism for faster immune response, but rather an overreaction.
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Which cell type bridges innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. NK cells
- B. Dendritic cells
- C. Plasma cells
- D. Mast cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendritic cells. Dendritic cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity by capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses. NK cells (A) are part of innate immunity, while plasma cells (C) produce antibodies in adaptive immunity. Mast cells (D) are involved in allergic responses, not bridging innate and adaptive immunity.
When assessing a client with autoimmune disorder,what signs should the nurse look for in the client?
- A. Hypotension
- B. Localized inflammation
- C. Hives or rashes
- D. Cramping and vomiting
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Localized inflammation is a common sign of autoimmune disorders,as the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.
The C3 convertase is
- A. An opsonin facilitating the phagocytic process
- B. Part of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) that leads to lysis of targets
- C. An enzyme able to cleave C3
- D. An inhibitor of C3b
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the C3 convertase is an enzyme that cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b, an essential step in the complement cascade. This enzyme is crucial for the initiation of both the classical and alternative pathways. Choice A is incorrect as opsonins enhance phagocytosis but are not directly related to C3 convertase. Choice B is incorrect as the MAC is formed by the terminal complement components, not the C3 convertase. Choice D is incorrect as C3b is not an inhibitor but a product of C3 cleavage by the C3 convertase.
In a client with AIDS,a CD4 cell count above ______ mm³ would indicate that antiretroviral therapy is being effective.
- A. 250
- B. 1000
- C. 500
- D. 275
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A CD4 count above 500 mm³ indicates a strong immune response and effective antiretroviral therapy.
The adaptive immune response:
- A. Is dependent on the innate immune response for initiation
- B. Involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses
- C. Provides cytokines that influence the response of innate cells, i.e. macrophages
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the adaptive immune response relies on the initiation by the innate immune response (A), involves both humoral (antibody production) and cell-mediated (T cell activation) responses (B), and produces cytokines that can modulate the activity of innate immune cells like macrophages (C). Therefore, all of the statements are true regarding the adaptive immune response, making option D the correct choice.