Nokea
What is meant by the term TTHM, and why is it relevant to water quality?
- A. Trihalomethanes formed during chlorination; potential carcinogens.
- B. Toxic trace heavy metals; cause immediate poisoning.
- C. Total thermal heat management; regulates temperature.
- D. Temporary total hardness measure; affects taste.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: TTHMs are disinfection byproducts linked to cancer risks, making them critical for water quality monitoring.
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Randomization is done in experimental study:
- A. to eliminate selection bias.
- B. to select control
- C. to eliminate confounding bias
- D. all of above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Randomization helps to eliminate selection and confounding biases while selecting controls.
First step of epidemic investigation?
- A. Preparing case definition
- B. Mapping the epidemic
- C. Confirmation
- D. Searching for the cases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The first step in investigating an epidemic is to confirm the existence of the outbreak through verification of cases.
What is the prevalence of disease during July?
- A. 3 / 700
- B. 4 / 700
- C. 5 / 700
- D. 8 / 700
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prevalence includes all cases present at a given time.
What is likely to be the best routinely available data source for each of the following kinds of studies?
- A. Hospital discharge survey
- B. Cancer registries
- C. National Health Survey
- D. Disease registries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cancer registries are dedicated to collecting data on cancer incidence and outcomes, offering the most precise information on cancer morbidity.
The denominator to calculate literacy rate is
- A. Population above 14 years
- B. Total population
- C. Population above 7 years of age
- D. Population above 10 years of age
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Literacy rate is calculated using the population above 7 years of age, as this is the standard age group considered for educational attainment.