Define the following terms: Intervention study
- A. A study where researchers observe natural behaviors.
- B. A study where researchers manipulate variables to assess impact.
- C. A study analyzing past records.
- D. A study based solely on surveys.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intervention studies involve deliberate manipulation of variables by researchers.
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Nature of common sources epidemic
- A. explosive
- B. slow
- C. static
- D. all
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Common-source epidemics tend to have explosive patterns with sharp increases in cases.
The denominator to calculate literacy rate is
- A. Population above 14 years
- B. Total population
- C. Population above 7 years of age
- D. Population above 10 years of age
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Literacy rate is calculated using the population above 7 years of age, as this is the standard age group considered for educational attainment.
Discuss the possible health effects that have been associated with exposure to electric and magnetic fields and ionizing radiation.
- A. EMF: unclear evidence; Ionizing: cancer risk.
- B. EMF: immediate death; Ionizing: no known risks.
- C. EMF: improved sleep; Ionizing: enhanced mood.
- D. EMF: faster metabolism; Ionizing: increased energy.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Evidence linking EMFs to health effects is inconclusive, while ionizing radiation is a well-established carcinogen.
The interquartile range covers what proportion of a distribution?
- A. 25%
- B. 50%
- C. 75%
- D. 100%
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The IQR spans the middle 50% of the data.
What are key sources of morbidity data?
- A. Environmental monitoring data.
- B. Hospital discharge data.
- C. Laboratory results.
- D. Notifiable disease reports.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Notifiable disease reports provide critical data on specific diseases of public health importance.