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What is oral candidiasis (thrush) in the newborn?
- A. Bacterial infection that is life threatening in the neonatal period
- B. Bacterial infection of mucous membranes that responds readily to treatment
- C. Yeastlike fungal infection of mucous membranes that is relatively common
- D. Benign disorder that is transmitted from mother to newborn during the birth process only
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Oral candidiasis, also known as thrush, is a yeastlike fungal infection of the mucous membranes in the mouth. It is relatively common in newborns, as their immune systems are still developing and can be easily affected by the overgrowth of Candida fungi. Thrush can present as white patches or plaques on the tongue, gums, or inner cheeks. It is important to treat oral thrush to prevent any discomfort for the newborn and potential complications such as difficulty feeding or spreading of the infection.
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The ABCD method offers one way to assess skin lesions for possible skin cancer. What does the A stand for?
- A. Actinic
- B. Arcus
- C. Asymmetry
- D. Assessment
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In the ABCD method used to assess skin lesions for possible skin cancer, the letter A stands for Asymmetry. Asymmetry refers to the irregular shape of the lesion when one half of the lesion does not match the other half. Lesions that are symmetrical are less likely to be concerning for skin cancer, while asymmetrical lesions should be further evaluated by a healthcare professional. This characteristic helps in identifying potentially worrisome skin lesions early on for appropriate management.
Which is included in the diet of a child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome?
- A. High protein
- B. Salt restriction
- C. Low fat
- D. High carbohydrate
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In children with minimal change nephrotic syndrome, it is important to include salt restriction in the diet. Salt restriction helps in managing edema by reducing fluid retention in the body. Excessive salt intake can contribute to fluid retention and edema in these patients. This dietary modification can help in controlling symptoms and managing the condition effectively. Other considerations for the diet may include monitoring protein intake to prevent complications related to kidney function.
By the age of 7 months, the infant is able to do all the following EXCEPT
- A. transfer object from hand to hand
- B. actively bounces
- C. uses radial palm grasp
- D. cruises
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Cruising typically occurs later, around 9-10 months.
About 500 children have just been exposed to radiation from a nuclear power plant accident. The most appropriate first step in your treatment of these children should be to
- A. prescribe potassium iodide to protect the thyroid
- B. order thyroid function tests
- C. order complete blood counts (CBCs)
- D. do nothing acutely; evaluate in 4-6 weeks
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Potassium iodide can protect the thyroid from radioactive iodine exposure, which is a critical first step in radiation exposure.
A 16-year-old discusses his recent diagnosis of lupus with the nurse. Which statement best describes adolescent thinking regarding the future?
- A. Adolescents are preoccupied with the present.
- B. Adolescents are beginning to think abstractly and consider future possibilities.
- C. Adolescents think only in concrete terms.
- D. Adolescents are overly concerned with past events.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During adolescence, abstract thinking develops, allowing teens to envision future possibilities.