Nokea
What is the amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute?
- A. Cardiac output
- B. Stroke volume
- C. End-diastolic volume
- D. Ejection fraction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiac output. Cardiac output is the total amount of blood pumped by the heart in a minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (beats per minute) by the stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per beat). This measurement gives an indication of how effectively the heart is functioning in delivering oxygenated blood to the body.
B: Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in each beat, not the total amount in a minute.
C: End-diastolic volume is the amount of blood in the ventricles before contraction, not the total amount pumped in a minute.
D: Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each contraction, not the total amount in a minute.
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The client on spironolactone (Aldactone) should avoid which type of food?
- A. Foods high in potassium
- B. Foods high in sodium
- C. Foods high in calcium
- D. Foods high in chloride
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Foods high in potassium. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, meaning it helps the body retain potassium. Consuming foods high in potassium while on spironolactone can lead to hyperkalemia, which is an elevated level of potassium in the blood. This can result in serious health complications such as irregular heartbeats and muscle weakness. Therefore, it is crucial for clients on spironolactone to avoid foods high in potassium to prevent these adverse effects. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because spironolactone does not specifically interact with sodium, calcium, or chloride in a way that necessitates avoiding foods high in these electrolytes.
The client is on enoxaparin (Lovenox) for DVT prophylaxis. What is the most important lab value to monitor?
- A. Platelet count
- B. PT/INR
- C. aPTT
- D. Hemoglobin
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Platelet count. Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin that can cause thrombocytopenia, a potentially serious side effect. Monitoring platelet count is crucial to detect any decrease, as it may increase the risk of bleeding. PT/INR and aPTT are used to monitor warfarin and heparin, respectively, not enoxaparin. Hemoglobin monitoring is important for anemia but not the most crucial lab value in this scenario.
What is a surgical procedure where a blood vessel is grafted to bypass a blocked coronary artery, improving blood flow to the heart muscle?
- A. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
- B. Valve replacement
- C. Angioplasty
- D. Endarterectomy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This surgical procedure involves grafting a blood vessel to bypass a blocked coronary artery, improving blood flow to the heart muscle. It is used to treat severe coronary artery disease. Valve replacement (B) is a surgery to replace heart valves, not to bypass blocked arteries. Angioplasty (C) involves inserting a balloon to widen a narrowed artery, not bypassing it. Endarterectomy (D) is a procedure to remove plaque from an artery, not bypassing a blocked coronary artery.
What is a surgical procedure to remove one of the lobes of the lungs, often performed to treat lung cancer?
- A. Lobectomy
- B. Pneumonectomy
- C. Thoracotomy
- D. Tracheostomy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lobectomy. A lobectomy involves the surgical removal of one of the lobes of the lungs, often performed to treat lung cancer localized in a specific lobe. This procedure allows for targeted removal of cancerous tissue while preserving the remaining healthy lung tissue.
Explanation for other choices:
B: Pneumonectomy - This involves the complete removal of an entire lung and is not specific to removing a lobe.
C: Thoracotomy - This is a surgical incision into the chest, not specific to removing a lobe of the lung.
D: Tracheostomy - This is a surgical procedure to create an opening in the neck to insert a tube into the trachea for breathing and is not related to removing a lobe of the lung.
The client is on warfarin and has an INR of 1.5. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Increase the dose of warfarin.
- B. Hold the next dose of warfarin.
- C. Continue the current dose of warfarin.
- D. Monitor the client's INR closely.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hold the next dose of warfarin. With an INR of 1.5, the client's blood is not adequately anticoagulated, increasing the risk of blood clots. Holding the next dose will prevent further thinning of blood and allow the INR to increase to the target range. Increasing the dose (A) could lead to over-anticoagulation, risking bleeding. Continuing the current dose (C) maintains inadequate anticoagulation. Monitoring (D) is important, but the immediate action should be to hold the next dose.