Nokea
What is the appropriate ratio of chest compressions to rescue breaths for adult CPR?
- A. 15 compressions: 2 breaths
- B. 30 compressions: 2 breaths
- C. 30 compressions: 1 breath
- D. 15 compressions: 1 breath
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The appropriate ratio of chest compressions to rescue breaths for adult CPR is 30 compressions to 2 breaths. This means that after every 30 chest compressions, two rescue breaths should be given. This ratio helps in maintaining oxygen circulation in the body while also ensuring that the heart is being effectively pumped to circulate blood. The emphasis on chest compressions is critical in maintaining blood flow to vital organs during cardiac arrest, while the rescue breaths help in providing oxygen to the patient's lungs. This ratio is recommended by organizations like the American Heart Association for performing high-quality adult CPR.
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Patients like Emmy who have experienced delayed hypersensivity to latex FREQUENTLY complains of ______.
- A. flushing, bronchospasm
- B. urticaria, laryngeal edema
- C. rhinitis, conjunctivitis, blisters
- D. papules, vesicles, pruritus
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Patients like Emmy who have experienced delayed hypersensitivity to latex typically present with symptoms such as rhinitis (runny or stuffy nose) and conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eyes). In addition, delayed hypersensitivity reactions often involve skin manifestations, such as blisters. These symptoms are reflective of the inflammatory response triggered by exposure to latex in individuals with delayed hypersensitivity. Symptoms like flushing, bronchospasm, urticaria, laryngeal edema, papules, vesicles, and pruritus are more commonly associated with immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions rather than delayed hypersensitivity reactions in latex-sensitive individuals.
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of ovarian cancer?
- A. Multiparity
- B. Use of oral contraceptives
- C. Early age at menarche
- D. Family history of breast cancer
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A family history of breast cancer is a known risk factor for the development of ovarian cancer. Individuals with a close relative (such as a mother, sister, or daughter) who has had breast cancer have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer. This increased risk is due to shared genetic factors that can predispose individuals to both breast and ovarian cancers. Therefore, having a family history of breast cancer is an important risk factor to consider in the assessment of ovarian cancer risk.
In emergency situation when a patient is unable to give consent for life saving treatment, what type of consent allows to assume APPROPRIATE medical treatment ?
- A. Implied consent
- B. Express consent
- C. Informed consent
- D. Involuntary consent
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Implied consent is the type of consent that allows healthcare providers to assume appropriate medical treatment in emergency situations where a patient is unable to give consent. In these cases, it can be assumed that a reasonable person would consent to life-saving treatment if they were able to do so. Implied consent is based on the principle of necessity and prioritizes the patient's well-being when time is of the essence. It is crucial in emergency situations to act quickly to provide the necessary medical care to save a patient's life, even if they are unable to provide express consent at that moment.
The type of epidemiologic study that is used to describe a group of persons enrolled in a study who share some characteristic of interest and who are followed over a period of time to observe some health outcome is a/an:
- A. Cross-sectional study
- B. Cohort study
- C. Experimental study
- D. Case control study
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cohort studies are types of epidemiological studies that involve a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience and are followed over time to observe the development of a particular health outcome. This type of study is useful in determining the incidence of a disease, identifying risk factors, and studying the natural history of a disease. Cohort studies allow researchers to investigate the relationship between exposure and outcome by following participants forward in time. It helps in establishing causality and is particularly useful for studying rare exposures or outcomes. In contrast, cross-sectional studies involve collecting data from a population at a single point in time, experimental studies involve interventions and control groups, and case-control studies involve comparing individuals with a particular health outcome (cases) to those without the outcome (controls) retrospectively.
The NICU nurse prepares for the arrival of the newborn. Which of the following PRIORITY item should be placed at the newborn's bedside? A _____________.
- A. Specific gravity urinometer
- B. Rectal thermometer
- C. Blood pressure cuff
- D. Bottle of sterile normal saline
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The priority item that should be placed at the newborn's bedside is a blood pressure cuff. Monitoring the newborn's blood pressure is crucial in the NICU, as it helps assess the baby's cardiovascular function and overall well-being. Blood pressure changes can be an early indication of potential health issues, so having a blood pressure cuff readily available allows for timely monitoring and intervention if necessary. The other items listed (specific gravity urinometer, rectal thermometer, bottle of sterile normal saline) are also important in neonatal care, but monitoring blood pressure takes precedence in this scenario.