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What is the basis for the reduction in disturbed thought processes when a patient is administered haloperidol (Haldol)?
- A. Reduction in the number of brain cells that crave dopamin
- B. Dopamine receptors are enhanced, making more dopamine available.
- C. Medication causes an increased cellular production of dopamine
- D. Dopamine receptors are blocked, making dopamine less available.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because haloperidol is a dopamine receptor antagonist. By blocking dopamine receptors, it reduces the activity of dopamine in the brain, which helps in reducing disturbed thought processes. Option A is incorrect as dopamine craving is not related to the mechanism of action of haloperidol. Option B is incorrect as enhancing dopamine receptors would increase dopamine activity, opposite to the intended effect of haloperidol. Option C is incorrect as increasing cellular production of dopamine would also increase dopamine activity, contradicting the purpose of using haloperidol.
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The nurse determines that a patient is showing a decline in explicit memory. Which characterizes such a deficiency?
- A. Inability to remember how to operate a common kitchen appliance
- B. Difficulty remembering the name of a place visited 20 years ago
- C. Being unsuccessful at retaining new information
- D. Forgetting the ingredients of a favorite recipe
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because difficulty remembering the name of a place visited 20 years ago is a specific example of explicit memory decline. Explicit memory refers to the ability to consciously recall past events, facts, or experiences. This choice directly relates to a long-term memory retrieval issue, which is a hallmark of explicit memory decline. Choices A, C, and D do not specifically address explicit memory decline but rather touch on different memory processes such as procedural memory (A), short-term memory (C), and semantic memory (D).
A patient presents to the emergency department with mixed psychiatric symptoms. The admission nurse suspects the symptoms may be the result of a medical problem. Lab results show elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine. What is the nurse’s next best action?
- A. Report the findings to the health care provider.
- B. Assess the patient for a history of renal problems.
- C. Assess the patient’s family history for cardiac problems.
- D. Arrange for the patient’s hospitalization on the psychiatric unit.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): Reporting the findings to the health care provider is the next best action because elevated BUN and creatinine levels indicate possible renal dysfunction, which could be causing the psychiatric symptoms. The health care provider needs this information to determine appropriate treatment and further evaluation.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
B: Assessing the patient for a history of renal problems is not the next best action because the lab results already indicate potential renal issues.
C: Assessing the patient’s family history for cardiac problems is irrelevant to the elevated BUN and creatinine levels and the psychiatric symptoms.
D: Arranging for the patient’s hospitalization on the psychiatric unit is premature without addressing the underlying medical issue indicated by the lab results.
A nurse and patient are entering the termination phase in the group experience. An important nursing intervention will be to:
- A. Encourage the group to describe goals for change.
- B. Inquire whether the group needs more time to accomplish goals.
- C. Assist the group to explore alternative coping strategies for problems
- D. Discuss feelings about leaving the group and the support found with the group.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because discussing feelings about leaving the group and the support found within the group is crucial during the termination phase. This allows for processing emotions, reflecting on progress, and providing closure. Choice A focuses on future goals, not on the current phase. Choice B addresses time constraints, not emotional support. Choice C is about coping strategies, which may not be the priority during termination. Thus, D is the most appropriate intervention for this phase.
Which statement by a 16-year-old is considered as positive evidence that the family’s involvement in therapy is moving them towards effective functioning?
- A. “My dad has finally stopped giving me advice on how to live my life.”
- B. “I stopped playing football since practice required me to be away from home so often.”
- C. “Since my mother quit her job, she is more available to keep the home running smoothly.”
- D. “Eating dinner with my parents on Sunday nights has helped us be more aware of each other’s needs.”
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because it shows positive evidence of improved family dynamics through increased communication and awareness of each other's needs. Eating dinner together signifies a commitment to spending quality time and fostering connections. Choice A indicates a lack of interference but not necessarily improved functioning. Choice B suggests withdrawal from activities, which may not be positive. Choice C implies a sacrifice that may not directly lead to effective functioning.
The highest priority for assessment by nurses caring for older adults who self-administer medications is:
- A. Use of multiple drugs with anticholinergic effects.
- B. Overuse of medications for erectile dysfunction.
- C. Missed doses of medications for arthritis.
- D. Trading medications with acquaintances.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Use of multiple drugs with anticholinergic effects. This is the highest priority as anticholinergic medications can have severe side effects in older adults, including confusion, constipation, and increased risk of falls. Nurses need to assess for potential harm caused by these medications.
Choice B (Overuse of medications for erectile dysfunction) is not the highest priority as it may not pose an immediate threat to the health and safety of older adults compared to anticholinergic effects.
Choice C (Missed doses of medications for arthritis) is important but not as critical as assessing for the potential harm caused by anticholinergic medications.
Choice D (Trading medications with acquaintances) is concerning but not as urgent as assessing for the harmful effects of anticholinergic medications, which can lead to serious health complications.