Nokea
What is the causative agent in HIV/AIDS?
- A. trichomonas vaginalis
- B. Treponema pallidum
- C. Human, T-cell lymphotrophio virus
- D. Chlamydia tranchomatis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The causative agent of HIV/AIDS is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV infects and kills the immune system's CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system and making the body more susceptible to infections and certain cancers. The virus is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood, sharing needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, and Chlamydia trachomatis are all different microorganisms that are not responsible for causing HIV/AIDS.
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A pregnant client with hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmias is admitted to the hospital. Which of the following imbalances should the nurse check for?
- A. Metabolic acidosis
- B. Hypernatremia
- C. Hypomagnesemia
- D. Hypercalcemia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hypomagnesemia (low magnesium levels) should be checked for in a pregnant client with hypertension and cardiac dysrhythmias because magnesium plays a critical role in maintaining normal cardiac function and blood pressure regulation. It can worsen both hypertension and dysrhythmias if deficient. Hypomagnesemia can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, particularly in the setting of existing cardiovascular conditions. Monitoring and addressing magnesium levels is important in managing these conditions and ensuring maternal and fetal well-being during pregnancy. Checking for hypomagnesemia allows for timely intervention and correction to help prevent any complications.
The effectiveness of Levodopa can be reduced when taking:
- A. Pyridoxine
- B. Bromocriptine
- C. Amantadine
- D. Amantadine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct choice is Pyridoxine. Levodopa is a precursor to dopamine and is commonly used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, has been shown to reduce the effectiveness of Levodopa by accelerating its conversion to dopamine in the bloodstream before it reaches the brain. This reduces the amount of Levodopa available to provide therapeutic benefit in Parkinson's disease. It is important for patients taking Levodopa to be cautious about taking vitamin B6 supplements to avoid diminishing the efficacy of their medication.
In fetal period, all are true EXCEPT
- A. 10 weeks - midgut returns to abdomen
- B. 12 weeks - external genitalia formed
- C. 24 weeks - surfactant production begun
- D. 26 weeks - face clearly recognizable
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Face recognition typically occurs earlier than 26 weeks.
The majority of lumbar disc herniations occur at the level of:
- A. L1 - L2
- B. L4-L5
- C. L3-L4
- D. S1-S2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The majority of lumbar disc herniations occur at the level of L4-L5. This is because the L4-L5 disc segment bears the highest amount of stress and load in the lumbar spine due to its location and mechanics. The intervertebral disc between the fourth (L4) and fifth (L5) lumbar vertebrae is subject to repetitive movements and mechanical stress, making it more susceptible to herniation compared to other levels in the lumbar spine. Additionally, the anatomy of the L4-L5 disc makes it more prone to degeneration and herniation, leading to a higher prevalence of herniated discs at this level.
A patient is scheduled for an MRI and asks what to expect. Which of the following responses by the nurse is best?
- A. "It is the measurement of muscle contraction after stimulation by tiny needle electrodes."
- B. "Electrodes will be placed on your scalp to measure activity of the brain."
- C. "A scan of the brain will be done after injection of radioisotope."
- D. "It is a noninvasive test that uses magnetic energy to visualize internal parts."
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The best response by the nurse in this scenario is option D: "It is a noninvasive test that uses magnetic energy to visualize internal parts." This response provides a clear and accurate description of what an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) involves. An MRI is a diagnostic test that uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed images of the internal structures of the body. It is noninvasive, meaning there are no needles, electrodes, or injections involved. By explaining the procedure in a simple and understandable way, the nurse can help alleviate any anxiety or concerns the patient may have about the upcoming MRI.