Cardiovascular System Practice Exam

Cardiovascular System Practice Exam Related

Review Cardiovascular System Practice Exam related questions and content

What is the condition where the heart's mitral valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

  • A. Mitral stenosis
  • B. Aortic stenosis
  • C. Tricuspid regurgitation
  • D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis refers to the narrowing of the mitral valve, which obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This condition leads to increased pressure in the left atrium and lungs, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue.

Explanation:
1. Mitral stenosis specifically involves the mitral valve, not the aortic valve (B) or the tricuspid valve (C).
2. Tricuspid regurgitation (C) involves leakage of blood backward through the tricuspid valve, not narrowing.
3. Pulmonary hypertension (D) is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs due to various causes, not specifically related to mitral valve narrowing.

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What is a condition where the alveoli are gradually destroyed, leading to shortness of breath and reduced oxygen exchange?

  • A. Emphysema
  • B. Pulmonary fibrosis
  • C. Pulmonary edema
  • D. Lung cancer
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Emphysema is the correct answer. Alveoli destruction in emphysema leads to shortness of breath and reduced oxygen exchange. This condition is primarily caused by smoking and results in irreversible damage to the air sacs in the lungs. Pulmonary fibrosis involves scarring of lung tissue, not alveoli destruction. Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the lungs, disrupting oxygen exchange. Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lung, which may not directly lead to alveoli destruction.

You are working in the ED caring for a patient who was just admitted with left anterior chest pain, possible unstable angina or myocardial infarction. Which nursing activity will you accomplish first?

  • A. Auscultate heart sounds.
  • B. Administer sublingual nitroglycerin.
  • C. Insert an IV catheter.
  • D. Obtain a brief patient health history.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Relieving chest pain is a priority to reduce myocardial oxygen demand and prevent further damage.

What is the primary consideration when preparing to administer thrombolytic therapy to a patient who is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI)?

  • A. History of heart disease.
  • B. Sensitivity to aspirin.
  • C. Size and location of the MI.
  • D. Time since onset of symptoms.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Thrombolytic therapy is most effective when administered within a few hours of symptom onset.

What is the primary BP effect of β-adrenergic blockers such as atenolol (Tenormin)?

  • A. Vasodilation of arterioles by blocking movement of calcium into cells
  • B. Decrease Na+ and water reabsorption by blocking the effect of aldosterone
  • C. Decrease CO by decreasing rate and strength of the heart and renin secretion by the kidneys
  • D. Vasodilation caused by inhibiting sympathetic outflow from the central nervous system (CNS)
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: β-blockers reduce cardiac workload and renin release.

The client on warfarin has an INR of 3.8. What is the most appropriate action by the nurse?

  • A. Administer vitamin K.
  • B. Hold the next dose of warfarin.
  • C. Increase the dose of warfarin.
  • D. Notify the healthcare provider immediately.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Administer vitamin K. When a client on warfarin has an INR above the therapeutic range (usually 2-3), like in this case (3.8), administering vitamin K is appropriate to reverse the anticoagulant effects. This helps prevent bleeding complications. Holding the next dose of warfarin (B) may not be sufficient to lower the INR quickly. Increasing the dose of warfarin (C) would further elevate the INR, leading to higher bleeding risk. Notifying the healthcare provider (D) is important, but immediate action with vitamin K is necessary to address the high INR.

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