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What is the condition where the lungs become filled with fluid, often due to heart failure, making it difficult to breathe?
- A. Pulmonary edema
- B. Pleural effusion
- C. Pulmonary hypertension
- D. Pneumothorax
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Pulmonary edema is the condition where lungs fill with fluid due to heart failure, causing breathing difficulty.
2. Pleural effusion is fluid accumulation in the pleural space, not in the lung tissue.
3. Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, not related to fluid accumulation.
4. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, not fluid.
Summary:
Pulmonary edema is the correct answer as it specifically describes the condition of fluid accumulation in the lungs due to heart failure, leading to breathing difficulties. Pleural effusion, pulmonary hypertension, and pneumothorax are incorrect as they involve different pathologies not related to lung fluid accumulation.
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The nurse is caring for a client on warfarin with an INR of 1.8. What is the most appropriate action?
- A. Increase the dose of warfarin.
- B. Administer vitamin K.
- C. Hold the warfarin and notify the healthcare provider.
- D. Monitor the client's INR closely.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Monitor the client's INR closely. An INR of 1.8 indicates the client is below the therapeutic range for warfarin. By closely monitoring the client's INR, the nurse can assess the effectiveness of the current dosage and make informed decisions about potential adjustments. Increasing the dose of warfarin (Choice A) without monitoring could lead to over-anticoagulation. Administering vitamin K (Choice B) is not indicated unless the client is experiencing severe bleeding. Holding the warfarin and notifying the healthcare provider (Choice C) may be necessary in some cases, but monitoring is the initial appropriate action to evaluate the situation before making changes.
What is the condition where the heart's mitral valve becomes narrowed, restricting blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
- A. Mitral stenosis
- B. Aortic stenosis
- C. Tricuspid regurgitation
- D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis refers to the narrowing of the mitral valve, which obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This condition leads to increased pressure in the left atrium and lungs, causing symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue.
Explanation:
1. Mitral stenosis specifically involves the mitral valve, not the aortic valve (B) or the tricuspid valve (C).
2. Tricuspid regurgitation (C) involves leakage of blood backward through the tricuspid valve, not narrowing.
3. Pulmonary hypertension (D) is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs due to various causes, not specifically related to mitral valve narrowing.
What is the condition where the blood vessels that supply blood to the legs and feet become narrowed or blocked, causing pain and difficulty walking?
- A. Peripheral artery disease
- B. Raynaud's disease
- C. Varicose veins
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is characterized by narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the legs, leading to reduced blood flow, causing pain and difficulty walking (claudication). The narrowing is typically due to atherosclerosis. Raynaud's disease (B) involves spasms of small arteries, causing reduced blood flow to fingers and toes, not legs. Varicose veins (C) are enlarged, twisted veins, not arteries. Pulmonary embolism (D) is a blockage in the lungs' arteries, not the legs.
Which condition involves the enlargement and weakening of the left ventricle of the heart, leading to reduced pumping ability?
- A. Dilated cardiomyopathy
- B. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- C. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
- D. Pericarditis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dilated cardiomyopathy. This condition involves the enlargement and weakening of the left ventricle, leading to reduced pumping ability. This results in the heart being unable to pump blood efficiently, causing symptoms like fatigue and shortness of breath. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (B) is the thickening of the heart muscle, not enlargement. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (C) involves stiffening of the heart muscle, not weakening. Pericarditis (D) is inflammation of the pericardium, not the heart muscle itself.
What is the condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking into the space between the lung and chest wall?
- A. Pneumothorax
- B. Pleural effusion
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Lung cancer
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumothorax. This condition occurs when air enters the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse. The air disrupts the pressure balance, leading to lung collapse. Pleural effusion (B) is the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, not air. Pulmonary fibrosis (C) is scarring of lung tissue, unrelated to air leakage. Lung cancer (D) is the abnormal growth of cells in the lung, not directly causing air leakage.