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Glass
I wonder who first discovered glass. This commodity has been a part of civilization from the very beginning. Imagine a world without glass! How dark and dismal it would be. No windows, corrective lenses, telescopes, microscopes, cameras, sparkly drinking containers or mirrors. Life would not be the same without this wonderful discovery. Thank you, whoever found glass!
Glass is not an element, but a combination of several elements. It is a hard, brittle, transparent solid material composed mainly of silica, with additives to change the character of the glass. Common additives are soda, lime, lead, and boron. Each additive changes the properties of the final product. Soda and lime are the most common additives, accounting for about 90% of glass production. Adding lead increases reflectivity, causing the glass to "sparkle." The addition of boron changes the thermal and electrical properties of glass, allowing cookware that can be used in the oven without shattering.
What is the definition of the term 'brittle'?
- A. Flexible and resilient
- B. Easily broken
- C. Strong and durable
- D. Thick and heavy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct definition of 'brittle' is 'Easily broken,' making choice B the correct answer. Brittle materials are prone to breaking or shattering when subjected to stress, lacking flexibility and resilience. In the context of the passage, glass is described as brittle, indicating its tendency to break easily when under pressure.
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Glass: I wonder who first discovered glass. This commodity has been a part of civilization from the very beginning. Imagine a world without glass! How dark and dismal it would be. No windows, corrective lenses, telescopes, microscopes, cameras, sparkly drinking containers or mirrors. Life would not be the same without this wonderful discovery. Thank you, whoever found glass!
Glass is not an element, but a combination of several elements. It is a hard, brittle, transparent solid material composed mainly of silica, with additives to change the character of the glass. Common additives are soda, lime, lead, and boron. Each additive changes the properties of the final product. Soda and lime are the most common additives, accounting for about 90% of glass production. Adding lead increases reflectivity, causing the glass to 'sparkle.' The addition of boron changes the thermal and electrical properties of glass, allowing cookware that can be used in the oven without shattering.
What statement is implied by the article?
- A. Glass is an essential part of our lives.
- B. The use of glass preceded civilization.
- C. Glass is used in all aspects of our daily lives.
- D. Glass is a modern invention.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Glass is described as a commodity that has been a part of civilization from the very beginning, implying its essential role in our lives.
Step 2: The article highlights various crucial uses of glass in our daily lives, such as windows, corrective lenses, telescopes, etc.
Step 3: The author expresses gratitude for the discovery of glass, indicating its significance and essential nature.
Step 4: Therefore, the correct statement implied by the article is that "Glass is an essential part of our lives."
Summary:
- Choice A is correct because the article emphasizes the essential role of glass in civilization and daily life.
- Choices B and D are incorrect as the article does not mention that glass use preceded civilization or that glass is a modern invention.
- Choice C is incorrect as the article does not state that glass is used in all aspects of daily life, only highlighting specific important uses.
Blood Pressure Regulators
The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the bodyÄ€™s cardiovascular system. The bodyÄ€™s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart.
Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the bodyÄ€™s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down.
Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure.
The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.
What is the best summary of this passage?
- A. The bodyÄ€™s pump, the heart, regulates the flow of oxygen to all cells of the body and discards waste products like carbon dioxide. The kidneys assist by absorbing salts and water.
- B. There are several systems that maintain the body's natural functions. The cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
- C. Baroreceptors, located along the walls of arteries, help regulate blood pressure by sending impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins.
- D. Chemoreceptors monitor changes in oxygen levels that impact blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because it provides a concise and accurate summary of the passage. It highlights the different components involved in regulating blood pressure, including baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys within the cardiovascular system. This choice effectively captures the main points discussed in the passage, emphasizing the systems responsible for maintaining the body's natural functions and regulating blood pressure.
Exams
Subjective exams measure your ability in several areas. Besides recall information, you must be able to organize content logically and intelligently express yourself in a clearly understood manner. Subjective tests provide a greater opportunity for students to show their broad knowledge of a subject area. Answers may be in the form of paragraphs or lengthy essays.
When you review for an essay exam, concentrate on main ideas rather than details. Since essay tests are limited to a few questions, they are likely to deal with more important ideas of a subject. Prepare a list of questions that you think might be asked. Write an answer to each of your questions. Rather than writing complete sentences, jot down your thoughts in outline form. Doing so will help you organize the information so that you can express yourself clearly.
When you take the test, read through all the questions before you start to write. Allot time for each question, allowing more time for questions worth the most points. Read each question carefully to determine exactly what is being asked. Pay attention to words such as define, illustrate, explain, list, compare, and contrast. Each word requires a different type of response.
In answering subjective questions, the student should
- A. keep it brief and specific.
- B. capitalize the matching letters.
- C. include more than is asked.
- D. write out the words - true or false.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: When answering subjective questions, it is advised to keep responses brief and specific, as indicated in the passage. While subjective exams allow for detailed answers, focusing on main ideas and organizing thoughts clearly is crucial. This approach suggests that students should provide concise and to-the-point responses while still ensuring they cover the topic adequately. Therefore, option A aligns best with the recommended strategy for answering subjective questions.
Glass
I wonder who first discovered glass. This commodity has been a part of civilization from the very beginning. Imagine a world without glass! How dark and dismal it would be. No windows, corrective lenses, telescopes, microscopes, cameras, sparkly drinking containers or mirrors. Life would not be the same without this wonderful discovery. Thank you, whoever found glass!
Glass is not an element, but a combination of several elements. It is a hard, brittle, transparent solid material composed mainly of silica, with additives to change the character of the glass. Common additives are soda, lime, lead, and boron. Each additive changes the properties of the final product. Soda and lime are the most common additives, accounting for about 90% of glass production. Adding lead increases reflectivity, causing the glass to "sparkle." The addition of boron changes the thermal and electrical properties of glass, allowing cookware that can be used in the oven without shattering.
What is the definition of 'brittle'?
- A. Flexible and resilient
- B. Easily broken
- C. Hard and fragile
- D. Tough and sturdy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct definition of 'brittle' is being 'easily broken,' making choice B the correct answer. Brittle materials are prone to breaking, cracking, or shattering when subjected to stress or pressure. In the context of glass, being described as 'brittle' means that it can break easily without much deformation or flexibility, unlike materials that are tough or resilient. Therefore, understanding the properties of materials like glass, including its brittleness, is crucial in various applications and industries.
About 6% of the earth is covered by rainforests. The largest rainforest in the world is the
Amazon Basin, which stretches over 2.3 million square miles in nine different South American countries. This area is double the length of all the other remaining rainforests in the world. Brazil contains 60%of the Amazonian rainforest, since it lies at the mouth of the river Amazon. This river is the second largest in the world and contains more than one-fifth of the world's fresh water. The Amazon rainforest is a type of wet broadleaf forest. The weather there is very humid and warm as it rains quite a bit. Because of the high rainfall, the forest is very rich and green. The
tree leaves are pointed and narrow so that the raindrops can easily drop off wet plants. This
tropical rainforest has more living species than the entire European continent. There are over 400 types of insects living in one single rain forest tree for a total of 2.5 million species. One square kilometer of rainforest may contain over 75,000 types of trees and approximately 438,000
different kinds of plants, which comes to a total of 90,000 tons of greenery overall. The Amazon rainforest is home to 2,000 birds and mammals, with one in every five birds in the world living there. Local farmers have lived off this rich and diverse land for thousands of years. They have been able to find food and water here without destroying the land. The Kayapo people of Brazil
farm in an environmentally-friendly way. Instead of chemicals, they use burned wood to enrich the soil, and plant banana trees, which attract wasps. These wasps then feed on leafcutter ants and get rid of these harmful insects. The rainforest also offers a lot of tropical fruits, such as bananas and coconuts, as food.
Cinnamon is made from the bark of a rainforest tree. Amazonian Indians use the fruit and stem
of the Buruti plant as a drink, to make bread and to build houses. Many other plants are used as medicine. But the Amazon rainforest is in very big danger of disappearing. 9,169 square miles of
forest have been cut down in 2003 in Brazil alone. An area of the size of a football field is burned down basically every minute, which means that the rain forest may be gone by the year 2030.The dangers related to this type of activity are obvious. Trees take in poisonous carbon
dioxide from the air and give off oxygen. There is more oxygen and less carbon dioxide around a
rainforest. When trees are cut down, however, the amount of carbon dioxide increases, and the
air gets warmer. This leads to global warming, which is extremely harmful to the environment. It
is estimated that the burning of Brazilian rainforests alone produces 200 million metric tons of carbon dioxide ayear. Another danger connected with destroying the rainforest is the disappearance of plants and animals. When trees are cut down, plants and animals have no more
food left and slowly die out. Killing wild animals is illegal in Brazil, but there is plenty of stealing going on. 38 million animals are stolen and sold illegally each year. The most hunted
animals are birds, especially parrots, followed by snakes and the jaguar.
What is the biggest problem related to the disappearance of the rainforest?
- A. Global warming
- B. Poisoning the air
- C. Burning the field
- D. Cutting down trees
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The biggest problem related to the disappearance of the rainforest is cutting down trees. When trees are cut down, it leads to various detrimental consequences. Firstly, trees play a crucial role in reducing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and providing oxygen. Cutting down trees increases carbon dioxide levels, contributing to global warming. Additionally, the loss of trees results in the destruction of habitats for plants and animals, leading to biodiversity loss. Therefore, the act of cutting down trees in the rainforest has far-reaching negative impacts on the environment, making it the most significant issue related to the rainforest's disappearance.