Nokea
What is the function of fascia in muscle tissue?
- A. to enclose, protect, support, and separate muscle tissue
- B. to connect muscle tissue to bone
- C. to serve as the contractile unit of muscle
- D. to slide past the actin protein cells in muscle to create contraction
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'to enclose, protect, support, and separate muscle tissue.' Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles, providing structural support, protecting them from friction and injury, and helping in movement. Choice B is incorrect as tendons are responsible for connecting muscle tissue to bone. Choice C is incorrect as the contractile unit of muscle is the sarcomere, not fascia. Choice D is incorrect as the process described relates to muscle contraction mechanisms involving actin and myosin, not the function of fascia.
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Which of the following is a dense, interconnected mass of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system?
- A. ganglion
- B. dendrite
- C. cranial nerve
- D. pons
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A ganglion is a dense, interconnected mass of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system. Ganglia serve as relay points where nerve cells communicate and integrate signals. They are found along peripheral nerves, processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses. Choice B, dendrite, refers to a part of a neuron that receives signals, not a mass of nerve cells. Choice C, cranial nerve, is a bundle of nerves that emerge from the brain, not a mass of nerve cells. Choice D, pons, is a part of the brainstem, which is within the central nervous system, not located outside of it.
Which of the following describes the path through which air moves during inhalation?
- A. mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli
- B. bronchioles > alveoli > bronchi > larynx > pharynx > lungs
- C. mouth/nose > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli > lungs > trachea
- D. alveoli > bronchioles > lungs > bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx > mouth/nose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct path through which air moves during inhalation is from the mouth/nose > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli. This sequence accurately represents the typical route air takes as it travels from the external environment into the lungs to facilitate gas exchange in the alveoli. Choice B is incorrect as it reverses the order of bronchioles and alveoli. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with mouth/nose but then incorrectly lists lungs before trachea. Choice D is incorrect as it reverses the entire sequence of the respiratory pathway, starting with alveoli instead of mouth/nose.
Which of the following cell organelles is the site of lipid synthesis?
- A. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- B. ribosome
- C. rough endoplasmic reticulum
- D. Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. This organelle lacks ribosomes on its surface, unlike the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein synthesis. The enzymes present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are responsible for synthesizing lipids such as phospholipids and steroids. Choice B, ribosomes, are responsible for protein synthesis and not lipid synthesis. Choice C, rough endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in protein synthesis due to the presence of ribosomes. Choice D, Golgi apparatus, is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion, not lipid synthesis.
Which of the following describes the general function of cytokines in the immune system?
- A. They communicate between cells to instigate an immune response.
- B. They inhibit blood clotting during inflammation responses.
- C. They bind to specific pathogens to increase pathogen mass.
- D. They transport pathogens trapped in mucus to be destroyed in the stomach.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'They communicate between cells to instigate an immune response.' Cytokines are signaling molecules that act as messengers between cells in the immune system, playing a vital role in coordinating and regulating immune responses. They communicate with various immune cells to initiate appropriate responses against pathogens. Choice B is incorrect because cytokines do not inhibit blood clotting but rather regulate immune responses. Choice C is incorrect as cytokines do not bind to specific pathogens to increase their mass; instead, they regulate the immune response. Choice D is also incorrect because cytokines do not transport pathogens trapped in mucus to the stomach for destruction; they primarily function as signaling molecules within the immune system.
Which of the following is an example of adaptive immunity?
- A. Inflammation
- B. Fever
- C. Antibodies
- D. Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Antibodies are produced by the adaptive immune system in response to specific antigens. They play a crucial role in targeting and neutralizing pathogens, providing long-lasting immunity against future infections. In contrast, options A (inflammation), B (fever), and D (phagocytosis) are examples of innate immunity, the body's immediate, non-specific defense mechanisms. Inflammation is a response to tissue damage, fever is a systemic response to infection, and phagocytosis is a process where cells engulf and digest pathogens, all part of the innate immune response.