Nokea
What is the least successful treatment for laryngeal cancer?
- A. Surgical treatment
- B. Radical neck dissection
- C. Radiation therapy with surgery
- D. Chemotherapy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Chemotherapy alone is generally less effective for laryngeal cancer compared to surgical treatment, radiation therapy, or combinations thereof. A (surgical treatment) and C (radiation therapy with surgery) are more successful. B (radical neck dissection) is a specific surgical approach but still more effective than chemotherapy alone.
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A nurse is instructing a hospitalized client with a diagnosis of emphysema about measures that will enhance the effectiveness of breathing during dyspneic periods. Which of the following positions will the nurse instruct the client to assume?
- A. Side-lying in bed.
- B. Sitting in a recliner chair.
- C. Sitting up in bed.
- D. Sitting on the side of the bed and leaning on an overbed table.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, sitting on the side of the bed and leaning on an overbed table. This position promotes maximum expansion of the thorax, allowing for improved lung ventilation. Leaning forward helps reduce the work of breathing and facilitates better airflow. Options A and C do not provide the same level of thoracic expansion and may not be as effective. Option B may not provide the necessary support for the client to lean forward and optimize breathing.
Which action should the nurse in the hypertension clinic take to obtain an accurate baseline blood pressure (BP) for a new client?
- A. Deflate the BP cuff at a rate of 30 mm Hg per second.
- B. Have the client sit in a chair with the feet flat on the floor.
- C. Assist the client to the supine position for BP measurements.
- D. Obtain two BP readings in the dominant arm and average the results.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because having the client sit in a chair with feet flat on the floor is the recommended position for accurate baseline BP measurement. This position ensures proper alignment of the heart and the cuff, reducing errors caused by arm positioning. Choice A is incorrect as deflating the cuff at a rate of 30 mm Hg per second is not related to obtaining an accurate baseline BP measurement. Choice C is incorrect as measuring BP in the supine position can lead to inaccurate readings due to changes in blood flow dynamics. Choice D is incorrect as obtaining two BP readings in the dominant arm and averaging the results may not provide an accurate baseline BP measurement due to variations in BP readings between arms.
which actions occur in inhalation
- A. rib muscle and diaphragm contract
- B. volume in chest cavity increase
- C. air pressure decreases
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because during inhalation, the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, expanding the chest cavity which increases its volume. This decrease in pressure inside the lungs allows air to rush in. Therefore, all the actions mentioned in options A, B, and C occur during inhalation. Rib muscle and diaphragm contraction, increased volume in the chest cavity, and decreased air pressure collectively facilitate the process of inhalation. The other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the necessary actions that occur during inhalation.
The nurse is completing a patient's health history with regard to potential risk factors for lung disease. What interview question addresses the most significant risk factor for respiratory diseases?
- A. Have you ever been employed in a factory, smelter, or mill?
- B. Does anyone in your family have any form of lung disease?
- C. Do you currently smoke, or have you ever smoked?
- D. Have you ever lived in an area that has high levels of air pollution?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Do you currently smoke, or have you ever smoked?" Smoking is the most significant risk factor for respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and emphysema. Asking about smoking history is crucial in assessing lung disease risk.
Rationale:
1. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide.
2. Smoking damages the lungs and increases the risk of developing various respiratory conditions.
3. Current and past smoking status helps determine the level of risk for lung disease.
4. Tobacco smoke contains harmful chemicals that can lead to lung damage over time.
Summary:
A: Occupational exposure is a risk factor, but smoking has a stronger association with respiratory diseases.
B: Family history is relevant but not as directly linked to individual behavior and risk as smoking.
D: Air pollution can contribute to lung issues, but personal smoking history has a more direct impact on lung health.
A client has been taking isoniazid for tuberculosis for 3 weeks. What laboratory results need to be reported to the primary health care provider immediately?
- A. Albumin: 5.1 g/dL (7.4 mcmol/L)
- B. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 180 U/L
- C. Red blood cell (RBC) count: 5.2/million/µL (5.2  1012/L)
- D. White blood cell (WBC) count: 12,500/mm3 (12.5 ï‚´ 109/L)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 180 U/L. Elevated ALT levels indicate liver damage, a potential side effect of isoniazid. This is crucial to report immediately to the primary health care provider to assess liver function and adjust medication if needed.
A: Albumin levels may fluctuate due to various factors but are not typically urgent in this context.
C: RBC count within normal range, not directly related to isoniazid therapy.
D: WBC count slightly elevated but not a priority unless there are other concerning symptoms.