Nokea
The patient with asthma is prescribed a leukotriene modifier drug, montelukast (Singulair).
Which statement describes an advantage of this medication?
- A. Limited gastrointestinal (GI) side effects
- B. Bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory effects
- C. Stringent control of acute episodes of asthma
- D. Ability to replace all other asthma remedies
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because montelukast is a leukotriene modifier that works by reducing inflammation and promoting bronchodilation in asthma patients. This helps in managing asthma symptoms and improving lung function.
A is incorrect because montelukast can cause mild GI side effects such as nausea and diarrhea. C is incorrect because while montelukast helps in controlling asthma symptoms, it does not provide immediate relief during acute episodes. D is incorrect because montelukast is typically used as an add-on therapy and not as a replacement for all other asthma medications.
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Regarding oxygen transport
- A. The predominant way oxygen is transported in the blood is as dissolved oxygen
- B. 1 gram of pure Hb can combine with 1.34 - 1.39 ml of oxygen
- C. An anaemic patient has a lowered arterial pO2 because the Hb is low
- D. CO2 is 200 times more soluble than oxygen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1 gram of pure Hb can combine with 1.34 - 1.39 ml of oxygen. This is correct because each gram of hemoglobin can bind with approximately 1.34 - 1.39 ml of oxygen, facilitating efficient oxygen transport in the blood.
A is incorrect because while a small amount of oxygen is transported as dissolved oxygen, the majority is transported bound to hemoglobin.
C is incorrect because arterial pO2 reflects the oxygen content in the blood, not just the hemoglobin levels.
D is incorrect because CO2 is actually 20 times more soluble than oxygen, not 200 times.
A nurse teaches a client who had a supraglottic laryngectomy. Which technique would the nurse teach the client to prevent aspiration?
- A. Tilt the head back as far as possible when swallowing.
- B. Swallow twice while bearing down.
- C. Breathe slowly and deeply while swallowing.
- D. Keep the head very still and straight while swallowing.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Swallow twice while bearing down. This technique helps close the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration. Swallowing twice initiates a double swallow, which helps clear the throat and reduce the risk of food or liquid entering the airway. Tilt the head back (A), breathing slowly and deeply (C), and keeping the head still and straight (D) do not directly address the risk of aspiration in a client with a supraglottic laryngectomy.
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to
- A. changes in PCO2
- B. changes in PCO2
- C. changes in pH
- D. changes in blood pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: changes in PCO2. Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood. Blocking afferent action potentials from these chemoreceptors would specifically interfere with detecting changes in PCO2, as these receptors primarily respond to alterations in CO2 levels. This interference would disrupt the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to changes in PCO2, leading to potential respiratory problems. Choices A and C are incorrect because chemoreceptors primarily respond to CO2 levels, not O2 or pH. Choice D is incorrect because changes in blood pressure are primarily detected by baroreceptors, not chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies.
A nurse is instructing a hospitalized client with a diagnosis of emphysema about measures that will enhance the effectiveness of breathing during dyspneic periods. Which of the following positions will the nurse instruct the client to assume?
- A. Side-lying in bed.
- B. Sitting in a recliner chair.
- C. Sitting up in bed.
- D. Sitting on the side of the bed and leaning on an overbed table.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, sitting on the side of the bed and leaning on an overbed table. This position promotes maximum expansion of the thorax, allowing for improved lung ventilation. Leaning forward helps reduce the work of breathing and facilitates better airflow. Options A and C do not provide the same level of thoracic expansion and may not be as effective. Option B may not provide the necessary support for the client to lean forward and optimize breathing.
Cloacal respiration is found in
- A. Snake
- B. Turtle and Tortoise
- C. Crocodile
- D. Frog
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cloacal respiration is found in turtles and tortoises. These reptiles can absorb oxygen through their cloaca, a multi-functional opening used for excretion and reproduction. Turtles and tortoises lack specialized respiratory organs like lungs, and thus utilize cloacal respiration as an additional means of obtaining oxygen. Snakes (Option A) primarily rely on lung respiration. Crocodiles (Option C) have well-developed lungs for breathing. Frogs (Option D) respire through their skin and lungs but do not utilize cloacal respiration like turtles and tortoises. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it is the only species listed that exhibits cloacal respiration.