Nokea
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs, with each normal inspiration and expiration is called
- A. Residual volume
- B. Vital capacity
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Tidal capacity
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tidal volume. Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during normal breathing. This volume represents the normal breathing pattern and is essential for gas exchange in the lungs. Residual volume (A) is the air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. Vital capacity (B) is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation. Tidal capacity (D) is not a recognized term in respiratory physiology. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it specifically refers to the air moved during normal breathing.
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The client with which of the following types of lung cancer metastasizes quickly?
- A. Adenocarcinoma
- B. Oat cell
- C. Squamous cell
- D. Bronchial carcinoids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oat cell. Oat cell (small cell) lung cancer metastasizes quickly due to its aggressive nature, high growth rate, and early dissemination to distant sites. This type of cancer is known for its rapid spread to other organs, leading to poor prognosis. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, and bronchial carcinoids have a slower metastatic rate compared to oat cell lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and other organs over time, while squamous cell typically spreads locally within the lung tissue. Bronchial carcinoids are slow-growing tumors with a lower propensity for rapid metastasis compared to oat cell lung cancer.
The medical nurse who works on a pulmonology unit is aware that several respiratory conditions can affect lung tissue compliance. The presence of what condition would lead to an increase in lung compliance?
- A. Emphysema
- B. Pulmonary fibrosis
- C. Pleural effusion
- D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emphysema. Emphysema leads to an increase in lung compliance due to the destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in decreased elastic recoil. This decreased recoil makes it easier for the lungs to expand and increases overall lung compliance.
Incorrect choices:
B: Pulmonary fibrosis - Pulmonary fibrosis causes lung tissue scarring and stiffening, resulting in decreased lung compliance.
C: Pleural effusion - Pleural effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can restrict lung expansion and decrease lung compliance.
D: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - ARDS causes inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, leading to decreased lung compliance due to increased stiffness and reduced ability to expand.
Which action should the nurse in the hypertension clinic take to obtain an accurate baseline blood pressure (BP) for a new client?
- A. Deflate the BP cuff at a rate of 30 mm Hg per second.
- B. Have the client sit in a chair with the feet flat on the floor.
- C. Assist the client to the supine position for BP measurements.
- D. Obtain two BP readings in the dominant arm and average the results.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because having the client sit in a chair with feet flat on the floor is the recommended position for accurate baseline BP measurement. This position ensures proper alignment of the heart and the cuff, reducing errors caused by arm positioning. Choice A is incorrect as deflating the cuff at a rate of 30 mm Hg per second is not related to obtaining an accurate baseline BP measurement. Choice C is incorrect as measuring BP in the supine position can lead to inaccurate readings due to changes in blood flow dynamics. Choice D is incorrect as obtaining two BP readings in the dominant arm and averaging the results may not provide an accurate baseline BP measurement due to variations in BP readings between arms.
Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?
- A. alveoli
- B. bronchi
- C. terminal bronchioles
- D. respiratory bronchioles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: alveoli. The alveoli are not part of the bronchial tree; they are the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchial tree where gas exchange occurs. The bronchial tree consists of the bronchi, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles, which are responsible for conducting air into the lungs. Alveoli are located at the end of the respiratory bronchioles and are where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released. Therefore, alveoli are not considered part of the bronchial tree.
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
- A. dissolved in plasma
- B. bound to hemoglobin
- C. in ionic form as solute in the plasma
- D. bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: bound to hemoglobin. This is because hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Oxygen binds to the iron atoms in hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin. This accounts for the majority of oxygen transport in the blood.
A: Dissolved in plasma is incorrect as only a small fraction of oxygen is carried this way.
C: In ionic form as a solute in plasma is incorrect as oxygen is not typically found in ionic form in the blood.
D: Bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide is incorrect as oxygen binds to hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide primarily binds to different proteins such as carbonic anhydrase.