Nokea
Identify the inconsistent value at sea level
- A. Alveolar pCO2 = 40mmHg
- B. Alveolar pO2 = 100mmHg
- C. Alveolar PH2O = 47mmHg
- D. pO2 of inspired air = 130mmHg
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because at sea level, the pO2 of inspired air is around 159mmHg, not 130mmHg. This is due to the partial pressure of oxygen being higher at sea level. Alveolar pCO2, pO2, and PH2O values are consistent with normal values at sea level. Therefore, D is the inconsistent value.
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When the oxygen supply to the tissues is inadequate, the condition is
- A. Hypoxia
- B. Asphyxia
- C. Pleurisy
- D. Anoxia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hypoxia. Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues, leading to tissue damage. Asphyxia is a condition of suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply. Pleurisy is inflammation of the lining of the lungs, not directly related to oxygen supply. Anoxia is a severe form of hypoxia where there is complete deprivation of oxygen to the tissues. In this context, hypoxia best describes the condition of inadequate oxygen supply to the tissues.
The nurse is completing a patient's health history with regard to potential risk factors for lung disease. What interview question addresses the most significant risk factor for respiratory diseases?
- A. Have you ever been employed in a factory, smelter, or mill?
- B. Does anyone in your family have any form of lung disease?
- C. Do you currently smoke, or have you ever smoked?
- D. Have you ever lived in an area that has high levels of air pollution?
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Do you currently smoke, or have you ever smoked?" Smoking is the most significant risk factor for respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and emphysema. Asking about smoking history is crucial in assessing lung disease risk.
Rationale:
1. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide.
2. Smoking damages the lungs and increases the risk of developing various respiratory conditions.
3. Current and past smoking status helps determine the level of risk for lung disease.
4. Tobacco smoke contains harmful chemicals that can lead to lung damage over time.
Summary:
A: Occupational exposure is a risk factor, but smoking has a stronger association with respiratory diseases.
B: Family history is relevant but not as directly linked to individual behavior and risk as smoking.
D: Air pollution can contribute to lung issues, but personal smoking history has a more direct impact on lung health.
A nurse teaches a client who had a supraglottic laryngectomy. Which technique would the nurse teach the client to prevent aspiration?
- A. Tilt the head back as far as possible when swallowing.
- B. Swallow twice while bearing down.
- C. Breathe slowly and deeply while swallowing.
- D. Keep the head very still and straight while swallowing.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Swallow twice while bearing down. This technique helps close the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration. Swallowing twice initiates a double swallow, which helps clear the throat and reduce the risk of food or liquid entering the airway. Tilt the head back (A), breathing slowly and deeply (C), and keeping the head still and straight (D) do not directly address the risk of aspiration in a client with a supraglottic laryngectomy.
Exchange across a membrane requires
- A. moisture.
- B. transport proteins
- C. pressure gradients.
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Exchange across a membrane involves the movement of molecules or ions. Moisture (A) helps facilitate this movement by dissolving solutes. Transport proteins (B) are essential for facilitating the movement of specific molecules across the membrane. Pressure gradients (C) can drive the movement of substances across the membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as all these factors play a crucial role in facilitating exchange across a membrane. Moisture alone is not sufficient for exchange, transport proteins are necessary for specific molecule transport, and pressure gradients can aid in driving the movement of substances.
The client with which of the following types of lung cancer metastasizes quickly?
- A. Adenocarcinoma
- B. Oat cell
- C. Squamous cell
- D. Bronchial carcinoids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oat cell. Oat cell (small cell) lung cancer metastasizes quickly due to its aggressive nature, high growth rate, and early dissemination to distant sites. This type of cancer is known for its rapid spread to other organs, leading to poor prognosis. Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, and bronchial carcinoids have a slower metastatic rate compared to oat cell lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma tends to metastasize to the lymph nodes and other organs over time, while squamous cell typically spreads locally within the lung tissue. Bronchial carcinoids are slow-growing tumors with a lower propensity for rapid metastasis compared to oat cell lung cancer.