Nokea
The cessation of smoking
- A. can reduce the risk of stillbirth
- B. reduces the chances of cancer
- C. reduces the chances of coronary disease
- D. all of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, all of the above. Cessation of smoking reduces the risk of stillbirth by improving fetal health. It also reduces the chances of cancer by decreasing exposure to carcinogens. Additionally, quitting smoking decreases the risk of coronary disease by improving heart health. Therefore, all the choices are correct as they highlight different positive outcomes of quitting smoking.
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Regarding oxygen transport
- A. The predominant way oxygen is transported in the blood is as dissolved oxygen
- B. 1 gram of pure Hb can combine with 1.34 - 1.39 ml of oxygen
- C. An anaemic patient has a lowered arterial pO2 because the Hb is low
- D. CO2 is 200 times more soluble than oxygen
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1 gram of pure Hb can combine with 1.34 - 1.39 ml of oxygen. This is correct because each gram of hemoglobin can bind with approximately 1.34 - 1.39 ml of oxygen, facilitating efficient oxygen transport in the blood.
A is incorrect because while a small amount of oxygen is transported as dissolved oxygen, the majority is transported bound to hemoglobin.
C is incorrect because arterial pO2 reflects the oxygen content in the blood, not just the hemoglobin levels.
D is incorrect because CO2 is actually 20 times more soluble than oxygen, not 200 times.
Cloacal respiration is found in
- A. Snake
- B. Turtle and Tortoise
- C. Crocodile
- D. Frog
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cloacal respiration is found in turtles and tortoises. These reptiles can absorb oxygen through their cloaca, a multi-functional opening used for excretion and reproduction. Turtles and tortoises lack specialized respiratory organs like lungs, and thus utilize cloacal respiration as an additional means of obtaining oxygen. Snakes (Option A) primarily rely on lung respiration. Crocodiles (Option C) have well-developed lungs for breathing. Frogs (Option D) respire through their skin and lungs but do not utilize cloacal respiration like turtles and tortoises. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as it is the only species listed that exhibits cloacal respiration.
Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?
- A. alveoli
- B. bronchi
- C. terminal bronchioles
- D. respiratory bronchioles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: alveoli. The alveoli are not part of the bronchial tree; they are the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchial tree where gas exchange occurs. The bronchial tree consists of the bronchi, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles, which are responsible for conducting air into the lungs. Alveoli are located at the end of the respiratory bronchioles and are where oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is released. Therefore, alveoli are not considered part of the bronchial tree.
A nurse cares for a client who had a bronchoscopy 2 hours ago. The client asks for a drink of water. What action would the nurse take next?
- A. Call the primary health care provider and request food and water for the client.
- B. Provide the client with ice chips instead of a drink of water.
- C. Assess the client's gag reflex before giving any food or water.
- D. Let the client have a small sip to see whether he or she can swallow.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Assess the client's gag reflex before giving any food or water. After a bronchoscopy, the client's gag reflex may be compromised, increasing the risk of aspiration. Assessing the gag reflex is crucial to ensure the client can safely swallow without the risk of choking or aspirating. This step is essential before providing any food or water to prevent potential complications.
Incorrect Choices:
A: Calling the primary health care provider for food and water is unnecessary as the nurse can make this decision based on assessment.
B: Providing ice chips instead of water does not address the need for assessing the gag reflex before giving any form of intake.
D: Letting the client have a small sip without assessing the gag reflex first can pose a risk of aspiration if the reflex is impaired.
Which phrase is used to describe the volume of air inspired and expired with a normal breath?
- A. Total lung capacity
- B. Forced vital capacity
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Residual volume
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tidal volume. Tidal volume refers to the volume of air inspired and expired during a normal breath. It represents the amount of air moved into or out of the lungs during each respiratory cycle, which typically ranges from 500 to 700 milliliters in adults. Total lung capacity (A) is the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold, including residual volume. Forced vital capacity (B) is the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximum inhalation, not related to a normal breath. Residual volume (D) is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation and is not part of a normal breath cycle.