Nokea
What is the main body storage form of carbohydrates?
- A. Glycogen.
- B. Starch.
- C. Fat.
- D. Glucose.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Glycogen. Glycogen is the stored form of carbohydrates in the body, primarily found in the liver and muscles. Starch (choice B) is a carbohydrate storage molecule in plants, not in the human body. Fat (choice C) is a different macronutrient and not the main storage form of carbohydrates. Glucose (choice D) is a simple sugar that serves as an energy source, not the main storage form of carbohydrates.
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Which of the following are considered micronutrients?
- A. Fats.
- B. Proteins.
- C. Vitamins.
- D. Carbohydrates.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Micronutrients are essential nutrients needed by the body in small quantities to support various bodily functions. Vitamins fall under this category as they play crucial roles in metabolism, immune function, and overall health. While fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are essential macronutrients required in larger amounts for energy and growth, they are not classified as micronutrients. Therefore, the correct answer is C.
In addition to protein, which nutrients contribute to the building and repair of tissue?
- A. Vitamins
- B. Carbohydrates
- C. Fats
- D. Enzymes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vitamins. Vitamins play a crucial role in tissue building and repair along with protein. Carbohydrates (choice B) are primarily a source of energy and not directly involved in tissue building. Fats (choice C) are important for energy storage and insulation but are not the main contributors to tissue building. Enzymes (choice D) are biological catalysts and do not directly contribute to tissue building and repair.
In addition to calcium, the major minerals needed to build and maintain bone tissue include:
- A. potassium
- B. iron
- C. phosphorus
- D. fluoride
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: phosphorus. Phosphorus, along with calcium, is essential for bone health and maintenance. Potassium (choice A) is important for muscle function, iron (choice B) is crucial for red blood cell production, and fluoride (choice D) helps prevent tooth decay but is not a major mineral needed for bone tissue.
Signs of malnutrition can appear when:
- A. nutrient reserves are depleted.
- B. nutrient intake exceeds daily needs.
- C. energy intake is restricted.
- D. caloric expenditure increases.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'nutrient reserves are depleted.' Signs of malnutrition manifest when the body's reserves of essential nutrients are exhausted and can no longer sustain health. Choice B is incorrect because excessive nutrient intake exceeding daily needs does not lead to malnutrition but may cause other health issues. Choice C is incorrect as restricting energy intake may lead to weight loss but not necessarily malnutrition. Choice D is also incorrect as increasing caloric expenditure does not directly cause malnutrition.
What is the muscle layer on the outside of the intestinal wall called?
- A. serosa
- B. mucosa
- C. submucosa
- D. muscularis mucosae
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: serosa. The serosa is the outermost layer of the intestinal wall, providing a protective covering. Choice B, mucosa, is the innermost layer responsible for absorption. Choice C, submucosa, lies beneath the mucosa and contains blood vessels and nerves. Choice D, muscularis mucosae, is a smooth muscle layer located within the mucosa, helping to create folds in the intestinal lining to increase surface area for absorption.