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Blood Pressure
Lub-dub! Lub-dub! Lub-dub! This sound is made by the rapid contracting and extending of the chamber doors on the inside of the heart. This ventricular contracting injects roughly 70 mL of blood into a vascular system with a given volume at differing pressure. Blood pressure refers to the pressure in the arterial system; and it is typically taken in the brachial artery of the arm because the pressure at different places along the circulatory route is different. Blood pressure is simply the force that the blood exerts in all directions within any given area and is the basis for the movement of blood from the heart, through the body, and back to the heart. This pressure is commonly expressed as a ratio of the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure or “high peak†pressure takes place within the arterial system as ventricles contract and force blood into the arteries. The diastolic pressure or “low peak†pressure takes place within this arterial system just before the next ventricular contraction. An increase in blood pressure can occur if the arterial walls lose some of their elasticity with age or disease.
What is the meaning of the word elasticity in the last paragraph?
- A. Something that is able to resist and be flexible
- B. Something that is plastic-like
- C. Something that is dynamic and electrifying
- D. Something that is silly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The term 'elasticity' in the last paragraph refers to the ability of a material or structure to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. In the context of blood pressure, elasticity refers to the property of arterial walls to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat, allowing them to withstand the pressure changes caused by blood flow. Option A, 'Something that is able to resist and be flexible,' accurately describes the concept of elasticity in this context, making it the correct answer.
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Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.
What is the primary function of photosynthesis?
- A. To produce oxygen and nitrogen
- B. To convert light energy into chemical energy
- C. To absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
- D. To release water vapor into the air
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The primary function of photosynthesis is to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. During photosynthesis, plants, algae, and certain bacteria use sunlight to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water. This process is essential for providing energy to nearly all organisms on Earth. While photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere as a byproduct, its main purpose is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, making choice B the correct answer.
The ability to see at a distance, in good light, does not diminish as a result of aging to the extent
that other visual acuities do. Myopia, or nearsightedness, is more common to younger eyes,
while presbyopia, or farsightedness, more commonly afflicts people as they age. The word
presbyopia comes from Greek presbys, "old man," and opia, "eye," and names a condition in
which, because the lens of the eye hardens slightly and loses elasticity as a person ages, one
cannot as easily focus sharply on nearby objects. This condition leads to the familiar habit of
lifting up one's glasses and bringing an object or reading material close to the face so that the
eyes can more easily focus on it. The function of the lens is to accommodate different focal
points so that sensory data can be correctly directed to the retina for interpretation into images by
the brain. Corrective lenses, particularly bifocals or progressive lenses, adjust for the focal point
aberration. In essence, they do the work that the eye can no longer do for itself.
The author of the passage would probably agree with which of the following statements relating corrective lenses and aging eyes?
- A. A dancer with a broken bone needs a cast to protect it.
- B. A hiker reinforces a fraying backpack strap with duct tape.
- C. A traveler gets a passport before going abroad.
- D. An athlete stretches before a game to avoid a potential injury.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. The passage discusses how aging eyes experience presbyopia, where the lens loses elasticity, making it difficult to focus on nearby objects. Corrective lenses, like bifocals or progressive lenses, compensate for this loss of focusing ability. Similarly, a hiker reinforcing a fraying backpack strap with duct tape is akin to using corrective lenses to address the issue of aging eyes. Just as duct tape helps repair the strap, corrective lenses help address the vision problem associated with aging eyes. The other choices do not directly correlate with the relationship between corrective lenses and aging eyes as discussed in the passage.
Subjective exams measure your ability in several areas. Besides recall information, you must be
able to realize content logically and intelligently express yourself in a clearly understood manner. Subjective test provide opportunity for students to show their broad knowledge of a subjective
area. Answers may be in the form of paragraphs or lengthy essays. When your review for an essay exam, concentrate on main ideas rather than details. Since essay tests are less to a few questions, they are likely to deal with more important ideas of a subject. Prepare a list of question you think might be asked. Write an answer to each of your questions. Rather than writing complete sentence down your thoughts in outline form. Doing so will help
you organize the information so that you can express yourself clearly.
When you take the test, read through all the questions before you start to write. Allot time for each question, spending more time for questions worth the most points. Read each question carefully to determine exactly what they are asked. Pay attention to words such as define, illustrate, explain, list, compare, and contrast. Each work requires a different type of response. Write a brief outline of your answer on scrap paper or the back of the test. Make sure you include all the important ideas that are within the limits of the question. In other words, do not write more than is asked for each answer. When you write your answer, keep it specific and as brief as possible. In the introductory sentence it is often helpful to make a general statement that includes
important points addressed in each question. Such a topic sentence serves as a framework for your answer. Then use your outline to develop the main point and subtopics. Add substance to
your answer by including as many facts as possible to support your answer.
Check your paper before you submit it. Look for mistakes in grammar, spelling, sentence
structure, and punctuation. Unless you are certain an answer is wrong, do not change it. Your answer is an educated guess and is usually your best chance of answering correctly.
In the above passage, the word 'subjective' refers to test questions that:
- A. Allow you to choose an answer
- B. Are matching
- C. Are true or false
- D. Require you to write your own answer
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The term 'subjective' in the passage refers to test questions that require you to write your own answer, as mentioned in the text. Subjective tests typically involve expressing your understanding and knowledge in your own words, often through paragraphs or essays. This type of assessment allows students to demonstrate their comprehension and analytical skills by formulating responses based on their interpretation of the content, rather than selecting from predefined options. Therefore, the correct answer is D: 'Require you to write your own answer.'
Electrocardiogram
The rhythmic sounds of "beep... beep... beep..." signify the measurement of the heart muscle's strength. This rhythmic signal varies from person to person and is recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG). Within the body, a complex array of systemic neural responses generates electric currents that can be detected on the skin's surface. When a person is connected to an amplifier, these impulses are captured by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information gathered pertains to the heart, as it emits electric currents in waves. This "wave of excitation" propagates through the heart wall and is associated with electrical changes. The process occurs in three distinct phases. First, the "wave of excitation," accompanied by an electrical change, lasts for about 1 to 2 seconds following the contraction of the cardiac muscle. These electrical impulses are rhythmically discharged from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, signaling the atrium to contract. The peak of the ECG reading is attributed to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which triggers the excitation of the ventricles. Finally, as the ventricles relax, any changes in the wave pattern can alert trained medical personnel to potential abnormalities within the heart.
What are the three phases of the "wave of excitation"?
- A. The discharge from the SA node, the peak ECG, and the excitement of the ventricle.
- B. The excitement of the ventricle, the relaxing of the ventricle, and the systemic neural response.
- C. The contraction of the atrium, the relaxation of the atrium, and the contraction of the ventricle.
- D. The excitation of the atrium, the excitement of the ventricle, and the relaxing of the ventricle.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'The excitation of the atrium, the excitement of the ventricle, and the relaxing of the ventricle.' The 'wave of excitation' in the heart occurs in three main steps. Firstly, the excitation starts with the discharge from the SA node, indicating the contraction of the atrium. Secondly, the peak ECG reading is caused by the excitement of the ventricle. Lastly, the wave ends with the relaxing of the ventricle. Understanding these steps is crucial for interpreting electrocardiograms and identifying any abnormalities in the heart's electrical activity.
Which statement is true about greenhouses?
- A. Greenhouses create tropical conditions at nurseries.
- B. Greenhouses are only used for growing rare plants.
- C. Greenhouses are a waste of resources and are never used in nurseries.
- D. Greenhouses make all plants grow faster without any exceptions.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Greenhouses are designed to create a controlled environment that mimics tropical conditions, providing warmth and humidity suitable for plant growth. This makes them essential in nurseries for cultivating a wide range of plants, not just rare ones. Greenhouses are valuable resources that offer various benefits in agriculture and horticulture by extending growing seasons and protecting plants from harsh environmental conditions.