Nokea
What is the primary goal of palliative care in cancer treatment?
- A. Cure the disease
- B. Extend life expectancy
- C. Relieve suffering and improve quality of life
- D. Prevent disease recurrence
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Palliative care focuses on relieving suffering and improving quality of life for patients with advanced cancer.
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What is the main purpose of complement component C5a?
- A. Opsonization
- B. Cell lysis
- C. Recruitment and activation of immune cells
- D. Inhibition of inflammation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Recruitment and activation of immune cells. C5a is a potent chemoattractant that attracts immune cells to the site of infection or inflammation. It also activates these immune cells, leading to enhanced immune responses. Option A (Opsonization) and B (Cell lysis) are not the main functions of C5a. Option D (Inhibition of inflammation) is incorrect because C5a actually promotes inflammation by recruiting and activating immune cells.
If you were to observe the activity of methylated DNA, you would expect it to
- A. be unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis.
- B. be replicating nearly continuously.
- C. have turned off or slowed down the process of transcription.
- D. induce protein synthesis by not allowing repressors to bind to it.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because methylation of DNA typically results in the inhibition or slowing down of transcription. Methylated DNA attracts proteins that bind to it, preventing transcription factors from accessing the DNA and initiating transcription. This interference with the transcription process leads to gene silencing or reduced gene expression.
A: DNA unwinding in preparation for protein synthesis is unrelated to DNA methylation.
B: Continuous replication is not a typical consequence of DNA methylation.
D: Methylation does not directly induce protein synthesis but rather affects transcription by influencing gene expression.
A major antibody-mediated mechanism of defense against parasitic worms involves:
- A. Neutrophil degranulation
- B. Opsonization
- C. Triggering of physiological responses (such as coughing) that expel the worm
- D. Neutralization by IgE along the mucosal surface of the gut
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because neutralization by IgE along the mucosal surface of the gut is a major antibody-mediated mechanism against parasitic worms. IgE binds to antigens on the worm's surface, leading to the release of histamine and other mediators that help expel the worm. Neutrophil degranulation (A) is more associated with bacterial infections, opsonization (B) is mainly for phagocytosis of pathogens, and triggering physiological responses (C) is not a direct antibody-mediated defense against parasitic worms.
Where do T cells mature?
- A. Bone marrow
- B. Thymus
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Thymus. T cells mature in the thymus, where they undergo selection and maturation processes essential for their function in the immune system. The thymus provides a specialized environment for T cell development, including positive and negative selection to ensure self-tolerance and functional T cell repertoire.
A: Bone marrow is incorrect because it is the site of B cell maturation, not T cells.
C: Spleen is incorrect as it acts as a secondary lymphoid organ for immune response but not the site of T cell maturation.
D: Lymph nodes are incorrect as they are important for immune surveillance and activation but not the primary site for T cell maturation.
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs with rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis?
- A. Type I or IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction
- B. Type II or cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction
- C. Type III or immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Type IV or delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complexes depositing in tissues, leading to inflammation, as seen in rheumatoid arthritis and acute glomerulonephritis.