Reading Comprehension

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Blood Pressure Regulators
The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the bodyĆ¢ā‚¬ā„¢s cardiovascular system. The bodyĆ¢ā‚¬ā„¢s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart.
Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the bodyĆ¢ā‚¬ā„¢s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down.
Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure.
The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.

What is the primary purpose of the writer in this essay?

  • A. To inform the reader about the dangers of high blood pressure
  • B. To inform the reader how high blood pressure leads to a higher risk of heart attack
  • C. To inform the reader how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure
  • D. To persuade the reader that controlling one's blood pressure is important
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The primary purpose of the writer in this essay is to inform the reader about how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure. The essay discusses the components involved in regulating blood pressure, such as baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. It explains how these components work together to maintain blood pressure levels in the body. The essay does not focus on the dangers of high blood pressure, the relationship between high blood pressure and heart attacks, or persuading the reader to control their blood pressure. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

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Have you ever found yourself staring at the ceiling at 2:00 a.m.? Have you kicked the blankets off to the floor from tossing and turning? Many longtime suffers of Insomnia know these situations all too well. As many as 17% of Americans find the restful break of sleep hard to achieve.

Lack of sleep affects intellectual abilities at work or school by causing a deficit in memory, attention, and concentration which in turn creates a feeling of irritation or depression. Chronic insomnia can result from a medical illness, a psychiatric condition, or from sleep apnea, a condition where an individual actually stops breathing during sleep. Sleep hygiene, developing good sleep habits, and non- pharmacological therapies such as herbs and spices are some solutions to Insomnia.

What is stated in the passage?

  • A. Physical illness can cause insomnia.
  • B. Exercise improves sleep quality.
  • C. Healthy diet prevents sleep disorders.
  • D. Insomnia is always caused by stress.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct statement found in the passage is that physical illness can cause insomnia. The passage mentions that chronic insomnia can result from a medical illness, a psychiatric condition, or from sleep apnea, a condition where an individual stops breathing during sleep. This indicates a direct link between physical health issues and the development of insomnia. While exercise, healthy diet, and stress can also impact sleep quality, the passage emphasizes the connection between physical illnesses and insomnia.

The Water Cycle
Water is needed to sustain practically all life functions on planet Earth. A single drop of this compound is composed of an oxygen atom that shares its electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms.
The cycle starts when precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, descends from the sky onto the ground. Water that is not absorbed immediately from the precipitation is known as runoff. The runoff flows across the land and collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans.
Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor, which is a gas. Water vapor returns to the air from surface water and plants.
Ultimately, condensation happens when this water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. In fact, the puffy, cotton clouds that we observe are formed by condensation. When the clouds become heavily laden with liquid droplets, precipitation ensues.

Which of the following words is an antonym for the word 'comprised'?

  • A. Incorporate
  • B. Encompass
  • C. Exclude
  • D. Embody
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The term 'comprised' means to include or contain. An antonym would be a word that signifies the opposite of including or containing. The correct answer, 'Exclude,' means to leave out or omit, which is the opposite of comprising.

ELECTORAL COLLEGE
The Electoral College has nothing to do with college and contains no students. The Electoral College consists of votes that each state acquires based on the number of representatives it has in Congress. Each state has two electoral votes because each state has two senators. The remaining electoral votes are determined by the number of Congressmen, the number of which is based on the population of the state established by the Census taken each decade. During the presidential election, most states cast all their electoral votes for the candidate who wins the popular vote in that state. It's all very confusing, but the founding fathers know what they were doing. Downloaded by Abdul Hamid (a.ahamid2181@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|10672023 HESI A2 V2 Grammar, Vocab, Reading, & Math Questions with Answers). By having and using the Electoral College candidates' campaign in every state, but just because they win the popular vote across the country doesn't mean they will always win the election. Case in point, in election 2000, Al Gore won the popular vote across the country, but George W. Bush won more electoral votes. Therefore, he became our 43rd president.

What does 'cast' mean?

  • A. To throw away
  • B. To give one's vote
  • C. To create a mold
  • D. To choose a role
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To give one's vote.' In the context of the Electoral College and elections, 'cast' refers to the action of officially giving or allocating one's vote for a candidate. This term is commonly used when describing the process of voters selecting their preferred candidate during an election. It is important for voters to understand the meaning of 'cast' to effectively participate in the electoral process and make informed decisions.

Exams
Subjective exams measure your ability in several areas. Besides recall information, you must be able to organize content logically and intelligently express yourself in a clearly understood manner. Subjective tests provide a greater opportunity for students to show their broad knowledge of a subject area. Answers may be in the form of paragraphs or lengthy essays.
When you review for an essay exam, concentrate on main ideas rather than details. Since essay tests are limited to a few questions, they are likely to deal with more important ideas of a subject. Prepare a list of questions that you think might be asked. Write an answer to each of your questions. Rather than writing complete sentences, jot down your thoughts in outline form. Doing so will help you organize the information so that you can express yourself clearly.
When you take the test, read through all the questions before you start to write. Allot time for each question, allowing more time for questions worth the most points. Read each question carefully to determine exactly what is being asked. Pay attention to words such as define, illustrate, explain, list, compare, and contrast. Each word requires a different type of response.

In answering subjective questions, the student should

  • A. keep it brief and specific.
  • B. capitalize the matching letters.
  • C. include more than is asked.
  • D. write out the words - true or false.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: When answering subjective questions, it is advised to keep responses brief and specific, as indicated in the passage. While subjective exams allow for detailed answers, focusing on main ideas and organizing thoughts clearly is crucial. This approach suggests that students should provide concise and to-the-point responses while still ensuring they cover the topic adequately. Therefore, option A aligns best with the recommended strategy for answering subjective questions.

Electrocardiogram
The rhythmic sounds of "beep... beep... beep..." signify the measurement of the heart muscle's strength. This rhythmic signal varies from person to person and is recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG). Within the body, a complex array of systemic neural responses generates electric currents that can be detected on the skin's surface. When a person is connected to an amplifier, these impulses are captured by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information gathered pertains to the heart, as it emits electric currents in waves. This "wave of excitation" propagates through the heart wall and is associated with electrical changes. The process occurs in three distinct phases. First, the "wave of excitation," accompanied by an electrical change, lasts for about 1 to 2 seconds following the contraction of the cardiac muscle. These electrical impulses are rhythmically discharged from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, signaling the atrium to contract. The peak of the ECG reading is attributed to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which triggers the excitation of the ventricles. Finally, as the ventricles relax, any changes in the wave pattern can alert trained medical personnel to potential abnormalities within the heart.

Which statement is not listed as a detail within the passage?

  • A. Changes in the ECG are typically used for diagnosis of abnormal cardiac rhythm.
  • B. The signal has a characteristic record called the electrocardiogram.
  • C. The "wave of excitation" starts at the SA node.
  • D. The "wave of excitation" spreads through the heart wall and is accompanied by electric changes.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The passage discusses how the electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart, starting with the wave of excitation originating at the SA node, spreading through the heart wall, and leading to the ventricles relaxing. It does not mention that changes in the ECG are typically used for diagnosing abnormal cardiac rhythm. Therefore, option A is not a detail listed within the passage, making it the correct choice. Choices B, C, and D are all supported by the information provided in the passage.

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