Reading Comprehension

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A nanometer is a billionth of a meter. A DNA molecule is 2 nanometers in diameter. Protein
molecules are about 10 nanometers in diameter. A human hair is 100,000 nanometers in diameter.
But what is a nanometer and how does it relate to technology? Nanotechnology is defined as the
understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, a scale at
which unique properties of materials emerge that can be used to develop novel technologies and
products. At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ
from the properties of matter either at smaller scales, such as atoms, or at larger scales that we
use in everyday life such as millimeters or inches. Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring,
modeling, and manipulating matter only a few nanometers in size. Gold nanoparticles are made
of the same material as in jewelry. But when light interacts with particles of gold, different colors
are reflected. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or
disease. Metals such as copper become extremely rigid at the nanoscale, rather than bendable as
in copper wires seen in everyday use.

Which statement from the passage best describes the benefits of nanotechnology?

  • A. Scientists can develop novel technologies and products.
  • B. Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers.
  • C. The different colors can be used in simple medical tests to indicate infection or disease.
  • D. Unique properties of materials emerge.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Scientists can develop novel technologies and products.' This statement reflects the main benefit of nanotechnology as described in the passage. Nanotechnology allows for the understanding and control of matter at a nanoscale, leading to the development of innovative technologies and products with unique properties. While the other statements mention aspects of nanotechnology, such as its definition, medical applications, and emergence of unique material properties, none capture the overarching benefit of enabling the creation of novel technologies and products as effectively as choice A.

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Mr. Rogers' Biography
"It's a wonderful day in the neighborhood!" This familiar line always began the Mister Rogers' Neighborhood program on PBS. The amazing Fred Rogers brought a special message to children around the world. He believed that each person is unique and wonderful in his or her own way and we should accept others just the way they are without trying to change or improve them. Mr. Rogers spread his tolerance message far and wide through the daily broadcasts of his television show, his many books, and finally after his retirement through his website specifically designed for children. Through these venues, Mr. Rogers helped children deal with the real world things that bothered them, such as doctor visits, haircuts, and new siblings.
Fred Rogers left a legacy of kindness, acceptance, and an unending love of learning for all generations

Why did Fred Rogers design and develop a TV show for children?

  • A. He wanted to entertain children with flashy graphics.
  • B. He aimed to provide children with celebrity role models.
  • C. He wanted to help children deal with real-world problems.
  • D. He intended to promote commercial products to children.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fred Rogers designed and developed the TV show for children to help them deal with real-world problems. His program focused on addressing issues such as doctor visits, haircuts, and new siblings, aiming to provide children with guidance and support in navigating these challenges. Through his show, books, and website, Rogers sought to empower children with tools to cope with everyday difficulties, emphasizing kindness, acceptance, and a love of learning, rather than merely entertaining or endorsing commercial products.

The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that defends the body against attacks by foreign invaders. These invaders are primarily microbes—tiny organisms such as bacteria, parasites, and fungi— that can cause infections. Viruses also cause infections, but are too primitive to be classified as living organisms. The human body provides an ideal environment for many microbes. It is the immune system’s job to keep the microbes out or destroy them. The immune system is amazingly complex. It can recognize and remember millions of different enemies, and it can secrete fluids and cells to wipe out nearly all of them. The secret to its success is an elaborate and dynamic communications network. Millions of cells, organized into sets and subsets, gather and transfer information in response to an infection. Once immune cells receive the alarm, they produce powerful chemicals that help to regulate their own growth and behavior, enlist other immune cells, and direct the new recruits to trouble spots. Although scientists have learned much about the immune system, they continue to puzzle over how the body destroys invading microbes, infected cells, and tumors without harming healthy tissues. New technologies for identifying individual immune cells are now allowing scientists to determine quickly which targets are triggering an immune response. Improvements in microscopy are permitting the first-ever observations of living B cells, T cells, and other cells as they interact within lymph nodes and other body tissues. In addition, scientists are rapidly unraveling the genetic blueprints that direct the human immune response, as well as those that dictate the biology of bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The combination of new technology with expanded genetic information will no doubt reveal even more about how the body protects itself from disease.

What is the author's primary purpose in writing the essay?

  • A. to persuade
  • B. to analyze
  • C. to inform
  • D. to entertain
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: to inform.' The essay provides detailed information about the immune system, its functions, complexities, and the ongoing research in the field. The author's main goal is to educate and increase the reader's understanding of how the immune system works and its significance in protecting the body from diseases. There is no attempt to persuade, analyze for evaluation, or entertain the audience; instead, the focus is on imparting knowledge and insights about the immune system.

The most important factor in any highway safety program is the responsible citizen-driver: YOU. Since you are a consumer, drive a car, vote, and pay taxes, you are a power to be considered. Your voice can Influence legislation at the federal, state, and local government levels. You can insist on better roads and safer cars by being a consumer advocate.

Your attitude about driving affects your making safe driving decisions while on the road. Your immediate concern, however, should be to drive safely in a property Inspected car, wear a safety belt, and never mix liquor with driving.

What is the best meaning of the word 'advocate' as used in the fourth sentence of this paragraph?

  • A. Supporter
  • B. Opponent
  • C. Critic
  • D. Observer
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this context, the word 'advocate' means a supporter. A consumer advocate is someone who actively supports and promotes the interests and rights of consumers. By insisting on better roads and safer cars, a consumer advocate works to improve safety for all drivers. Therefore, the most appropriate choice is A: 'Supporter.'

Isaac Asimov: Isaac Asimov (1920 - 1992) was a very prolific writer, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Most of Asimov's popularized science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage.
Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the 'Big Three' science-fiction writers during his lifetime. He also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as a great amount of nonfiction. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French.
Asimov was afraid of flying, so he seldom traveled great distances, partly because his aversion to flying complicated the logistics of long-distance travel. He did enjoy traveling on cruise ships, and on several occasions he became part of the cruise's entertainment, giving science-themed talks. Asimov was an able public speaker, and enjoyed speaking to groups, especially at science fiction conventions.

What was one of Mr. Asimov's greatest fears?

  • A. Flying.
  • B. Public Speaking.
  • C. Conventions.
  • D. Writer's Block.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Flying. The rationale is based on the information provided in the extract, stating that Asimov was afraid of flying. This fear of flying is explicitly mentioned, making it a direct and clear answer. The other choices, B: Public Speaking, C: Conventions, and D: Writer's Block, are not supported by the text. Asimov is described as an able public speaker who enjoyed speaking at science fiction conventions, indicating that public speaking and conventions were not fears for him. Additionally, there is no mention of writer's block being a fear for Asimov in the text. Therefore, choice A is the correct answer based on the information provided.

What effect does your voice have on others? Does it persuade or irritate, attract or repel? One of
the worst qualities is harshness. If you ever get the feeling that people are uncomfortable when you speak, it may be that your harsh tones are jarring their eardrums. Your voice will sound
unpleasant if it is shrill, grating, hard, piercing, brassy, to loud, or too nasal. Harsh voice qualities usually come from too much tension in the throat and jaw. Tension tightens muscles and blocks the relaxed voice tones essential to a pleasing impression. Because tension occurs in higher pitched voices, women tend to have shriller voices than men, which usually makes them
less desirable public speakers, newscasters, or political candidates.

The author seems to

  • A. prefer low-pitched tones.
  • B. have no particular reactions to different voices.
  • C. prefer shrill, grating, and brassy voices.
  • D. be an experienced public speaker.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The passage indicates that harsh qualities in voices, such as being shrill, grating, or brassy, are undesirable and that they can lead to discomfort for listeners. The author emphasizes that relaxed voice tones are essential for a pleasing impression, suggesting a preference for lower-pitched tones that are more pleasant to hear. Therefore, the most appropriate answer is A, indicating a preference for low-pitched tones.

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