Nokea
Food
Food and drink are necessary and desirable, but their
abuse can cause serious physical and metal problem.
Many physicians believe that overeating is one of the
country's main health problems, since it places a great
strain on the heart, can lead to diabetes, and often shortens
the individual's life span. To fill an emotional void. People
often turn to food when they are bored or lonely.
Another area of concern is alcohol consumption. The
results of alcohol abuse are widely publicized. The social
drinker who becomes alcoholic, the drunken driver's
contribution to highway death, spousal and child abuse,
are all concomitant problems associated with alcohol
abuse.
As used in the last sentence of this paragraph, the term "concomitant" means:
- A. Accompanying
- B. Quiet
- C. Separate
- D. Unpredictable
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Accompanying.' In the context provided, 'concomitant' is used to describe problems that occur together with alcohol abuse, such as the consequences of becoming alcoholic, the contribution to highway deaths, and spousal and child abuse. These issues are accompanying or happening alongside alcohol abuse, making 'Accompanying' the most suitable definition for 'concomitant' in this context.
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The Water Cycle
Water is needed to sustain practically all life functions on planet Earth. A single drop of this compound is composed of an oxygen atom that shares its electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms.
The cycle starts when precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, descends from the sky onto the ground. Water that is not absorbed immediately from the precipitation is known as runoff. The runoff flows across the land and collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans.
Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor, which is a gas. Water vapor returns to the air from surface water and plants.
Ultimately, condensation happens when this water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. In fact, the puffy, cotton clouds that we observe are formed by condensation. When the clouds become heavily laden with liquid droplets, precipitation ensues.
What can the reader conclude from this passage about ponds and lakes?
- A. They are examples of groundwater reservoirs.
- B. They are not important in the collection of runoff.
- C. They do not play a role in water collection.
- D. They consist of only water collected through precipitation.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Ponds and lakes are mentioned in the passage as part of the water cycle. The text states that runoff water collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans. Since ponds and lakes are water bodies that collect and store runoff, they can be considered as examples of groundwater reservoirs. Therefore, the correct answer is A: 'They are examples of groundwater reservoirs.' Ponds and lakes play a significant role in the collection and storage of water within the water cycle, contrary to options B and C, which incorrectly suggest they are not important or do not play a role. Option D is incorrect as it oversimplifies the water sources for ponds and lakes by stating they consist solely of water collected through precipitation.
Over the last few decades, medical experts have changed their thinking on the health effects of some common foods and beverages. Higher-fat foods and some alcoholic beverages like red wine and beer, once viewed as top threats to a healthy lifestyle, are now seen by many as less harmful and even as having some health benefits. But there is perhaps no topic that the medical community has reversed its
thinking on more often than coffee. Since long before the advent of modern medicine, public opinion regarding the health effects of coffee has been diverse and ever-changing. Opinion on coffee's health effects can be traced back several centuries. In the 1600s, doctors in England touted coffee as a cure for alcoholism, but some women complained that coffee was making their husbands impotent. They may have been correct, as caffeine is a
diuretic and can irritate the prostate (dehydration and prostatitis can both lead to erectile dysfunction). In the late 1700s, coffeehouses began opening all over colonial America, where coffee was seen as a healthy stimulant that helped the colonists work longer hours. But by the early 1900s, public concern grew as coffee consumption was blamed for a variety of common ailments, such as nervousness, indigestion, and insomnia. In the 1970s, medical journals published studies that linked coffee consumption with high blood pressure and an increased risk of heart attacks. In 2001, a meta-study indicated that coffee was responsible for a 20% increase in risk for urinary tract cancer. But starting in 2007, to the surprise of many, meta-studies began to show positive health effects of coffee consumption. A 2007 study showed that coffee was viewed by many as "practically a health food." However, CNN also warned that given the long history of flip-flops on the health effects of coffee, medical and public opinion on coffee could easily turn negative again.
Based on the passage, which statement is supported?
- A. Recent studies indicate that coffee consumption increases the risk of liver cancer.
- B. There is some scientific evidence that drinking coffee reduces indigestion.
- C. Published studies have found that drinking coffee may increase the risk of heart attack.
- D. There is no reported evidence of any link between coffee consumption and stroke.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The passage discusses various historical shifts in the perception of coffee's health effects. While it mentions studies linking coffee consumption to high blood pressure and an increased risk of heart attacks in the 1970s, there is no mention of any reported evidence linking coffee consumption to stroke. Therefore, the statement that there is no reported evidence of any link between coffee consumption and stroke is supported by the passage.
All That Jazz: Jazz is an American musical art form which originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African-American communities in the Southern United States. It derived from a confluence of African and European music traditions. From its early development until the present, jazz has also incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music. The word jazz began as a West Coast slang term of uncertain derivation and was first used to refer to music in Chicago in about 1915.
Improvisation is one of the key elements of jazz and a fundamental part of the nature of the music. In jazz, the skilled performer will interpret a tune in very individual ways, never playing the same composition exactly the same way twice. Depending upon the performer's mood and personal experience, interactions with fellow musicians, or even members of the audience, a jazz musician/performer may alter melodies, harmonies, or time signatures at will.
What is the derivation of the word 'jazz'?
- A. West Coast slang.
- B. Coined by Chicago musicians.
- C. European definition of improvisation.
- D. From Ibo language brought to US by slaves.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: West Coast slang. The passage states that the word "jazz" began as a West Coast slang term, indicating that its origin can be traced back to the West Coast. This is supported by historical evidence that the term was first used in Chicago around 1915. The other choices are incorrect because:
B: Coined by Chicago musicians - While jazz was first referred to as music in Chicago, the term itself originated as West Coast slang, not coined by Chicago musicians.
C: European definition of improvisation - The passage does not mention any direct link between the word "jazz" and a European definition of improvisation.
D: From Ibo language brought to US by slaves - There is no evidence or mention in the passage that the word "jazz" is derived from the Ibo language brought to the US by slaves.
Select the meaning of the underlined word in the sentence: The child developed a labile condition that worried the parents, so they brought the child to the doctor's office for a checkup.
- A. Fevered
- B. Volatile
- C. Stomach
- D. Vision
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, 'Volatile.' In this context, 'labile' means prone to change rapidly or unpredictably, similar to the meaning of 'volatile.' The child's condition was unstable and fluctuating, causing concern to the parents. 'Fevered' (choice A) refers specifically to having a fever, 'Stomach' (choice C) relates to the abdomen area, and 'Vision' (choice D) pertains to sight, none of which capture the intended meaning of 'labile' in the sentence.
Electrocardiogram
The rhythmic sounds of "beep... beep... beep..." signify the measurement of the heart muscle's strength. This rhythmic signal varies from person to person and is recorded as an electrocardiogram (ECG). Within the body, a complex array of systemic neural responses generates electric currents that can be detected on the skin's surface. When a person is connected to an amplifier, these impulses are captured by an electrocardiograph. Most of the information gathered pertains to the heart, as it emits electric currents in waves. This "wave of excitation" propagates through the heart wall and is associated with electrical changes. The process occurs in three distinct phases. First, the "wave of excitation," accompanied by an electrical change, lasts for about 1 to 2 seconds following the contraction of the cardiac muscle. These electrical impulses are rhythmically discharged from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, signaling the atrium to contract. The peak of the ECG reading is attributed to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which triggers the excitation of the ventricles. Finally, as the ventricles relax, any changes in the wave pattern can alert trained medical personnel to potential abnormalities within the heart.
What are the three phases of the "wave of excitation"?
- A. The discharge from the SA node, the peak ECG, and the excitement of the ventricle.
- B. The excitement of the ventricle, the relaxing of the ventricle, and the systemic neural response.
- C. The contraction of the atrium, the relaxation of the atrium, and the contraction of the ventricle.
- D. The excitation of the atrium, the excitement of the ventricle, and the relaxing of the ventricle.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'The excitation of the atrium, the excitement of the ventricle, and the relaxing of the ventricle.' The 'wave of excitation' in the heart occurs in three main steps. Firstly, the excitation starts with the discharge from the SA node, indicating the contraction of the atrium. Secondly, the peak ECG reading is caused by the excitement of the ventricle. Lastly, the wave ends with the relaxing of the ventricle. Understanding these steps is crucial for interpreting electrocardiograms and identifying any abnormalities in the heart's electrical activity.