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Blood Pressure Regulators
The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the bodyā€™s cardiovascular system. The bodyā€™s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart.
Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the bodyā€™s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down.
Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure.
The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.

What is the best summary of this passage?

  • A. The bodyā€™s pump, the heart, regulates the flow of oxygen to all cells of the body and discards waste products like carbon dioxide. The kidneys assist by absorbing salts and water.
  • B. There are several systems that maintain the body's natural functions. The cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure through baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys.
  • C. Baroreceptors, located along the walls of arteries, help regulate blood pressure by sending impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins.
  • D. Chemoreceptors monitor changes in oxygen levels that impact blood pressure.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because it provides a concise and accurate summary of the passage. It highlights the different components involved in regulating blood pressure, including baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys within the cardiovascular system. This choice effectively captures the main points discussed in the passage, emphasizing the systems responsible for maintaining the body's natural functions and regulating blood pressure.

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The Summer Olympic Games. Once every four years the countries of the world send their best and brightest to participate in the Summer Olympic Games. The site for the event is decided years before, and most countries contend strongly for the privilege to host the Games. The 2008 games were held in Bejing, China.

There is a lot of pageantry and tradition attached to the event. The opening ceremony is elaborate and awe-inspiring. China put on a spectacularly beautiful fireworks display to welcome the world's athletes in 2008.

The track events, water events (swimming, diving) and precision activities such as archery and rhythmic gymnastics are wonderful to watch. Seeing these athletes perform their special skills is a treat for those of us who achieve a vicarious satisfaction from it. Everyone roots for the athletes from their own country and we thrill when our anther is played during the medal ceremony. Being an Olympian is an honor every athlete dreams of.

What is the main reason that athletes want to participate in the Olympics?

  • A. They have a patriotic pride in their performance.
  • B. They get a sizable stipend for their performance.
  • C. Travel to foreign countries.
  • D. They can win a scholarship for future education.
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The passage emphasizes that athletes from different countries participate in the Olympics, and the audience "roots for the athletes from their own country." It highlights the honor and pride associated with representing one's country on a global stage. Thus, the main motivation for athletes is their patriotic pride, making answer A the correct one. The passage does not mention financial rewards, scholarships, or travel as primary motivations.

Croatian-born inventor Nikola Tesla is often called the "forgotten scientist". Although he
invented the alternating current (AC) motor and developed an AC electricity generation system, he never received historical credit for many of his achievements, unlike one of his first employer and eventual nemesis, inventor Thomas Edison
Tesla made the first sketches of his idea for a brushless of his idea for a brushless AC motor while he was a student at the University of Prague in 1882. His interest in electricity generation led him to Paris where he was employed by the Continental Edison Company later that year to repair Edison's direct current (DC) power plants. Two years later, Tesla immigrated to New York City and acquired a job as an engineer at
Thomas Edison's headquarters in Manhattan. Edison was impressed with Tesla's work ethic and
ingenuity. He challenged the young scientist to develop an improved design for his DC
generators for $50,000. Tesla experimented for months, finally presenting Edison with the
solution he needed. Edison reneged on the deal, telling Tesla that he didn't understand American humor. Tesla soon left Edison in order to begin his own electric light company
Tesla filed and was granted more than 30 patents for his inventions in 1887 and 1888. He soon
had financial backing for his ideas from one of Edison' main competitors, Westinghouse. In the
1890's Tesla experimented with x-rays, developed a high-voltage electrical transformer call the
Tesla coil, and demonstrated the propagation of radio waves two years before the "Father of
Radio" Guglielmo Marconi. He was also the first to harness the mammoth potential energy of
Niagara Falls. He worked with General Electric to install AC generators with turbines driven by the falling waters of the Niagara River, creating the first modern power plant although a brilliant scientist, Tesla was not an astute businessman. He created his own obscurity by relinquishing
royalty rights for his inventions to major corporations for the purpose of raising funds for future projects.

What did Tesla accomplish while attending the University of Prague?

  • A. Improved the design for Edison's DC generators.
  • B. Made repairs to Edison's direct current power plants.
  • C. Made designs for a brushless alternating current motor.
  • D. Developed a high-voltage electrical transformer.
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: While attending the University of Prague, Tesla made designs for a brushless alternating current motor. This innovation marked the beginning of his groundbreaking work in the field of electricity and laid the foundation for his future achievements. Tesla's early sketches and ideas for the AC motor at the University of Prague set him on a path that would ultimately revolutionize the way electricity was generated and utilized.

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.

What would likely happen if chlorophyll was absent in plants?

  • A. The rate of photosynthesis would increase
  • B. Plants would not be able to capture light energy effectively
  • C. Plants would produce more oxygen
  • D. The Calvin cycle would be more efficient
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: If chlorophyll was absent in plants, they would not be able to capture light energy effectively. Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for absorbing sunlight, a crucial step in the process of photosynthesis. Without chlorophyll, plants would lack the ability to convert light energy into chemical energy, leading to a significant impairment or cessation of photosynthesis. This would ultimately hinder the production of sugars, oxygen release, and overall plant growth and survival.

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

  • A. To produce oxygen and nitrogen
  • B. To convert light energy into chemical energy
  • C. To absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
  • D. To release water vapor into the air
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of photosynthesis is to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. During photosynthesis, plants, algae, and certain bacteria use sunlight to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water. This process is essential for providing energy to nearly all organisms on Earth. While photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere as a byproduct, its main purpose is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, making choice B the correct answer.

Factory
Care In planning and management Is needed if a factory is to run well. Work area should be large. clean, well lighted and airy. Work should move in 3 straight line from one machine to another. This allows materials in different stages of production to advance smoothly. As orders increase, some factories hire consultants to redesign their outdated operation flow and streamline workstations and equipment within the plant. Using 2 factory management system can double production as well as Improve the rate of on-time deliveries. Careful planning and execution can also contribute to harmonious relations between labor and management.

What is the author's purpose in writing this composition?

  • A. describing a modern factory.
  • B. persuading people to modernize factory design.
  • C. persuading management to shorten the workweek.
  • D. explaining how factories are built.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The passage emphasizes the importance of planning, management, and modernization for efficient factory operation. It discusses redesigning workflows, utilizing modern management systems, and enhancing labor-management relations. These points collectively indicate that the author's main purpose is to persuade readers to consider modernizing factory design rather than merely describing factories, advocating for shorter workweeks, or explaining the construction of factories.

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