Reading Comprehension

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Blood Pressure Regulators The body is composed of systems that have evolved and diversified in order to maintain the natural functions and processes they regulate. One such system that has these regulators is the body’s cardiovascular system. The body’s pump, which regulates the flow of vitally needed oxygen to all cells of the body, as well as the discard of carbon dioxide and other waste products, is the heart. Because blood pressure varies at different points within the body, differing components are needed to keep the body’s blood pressure regulated. Three of the basic components are baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys. Baroreceptors are stretch receptors composed of fine branching nerve endings and are contained along the walls of the arteries near the heart and in other areas of the body as well. Impulses are related to this stretching along the arterial walls, which causes these baroreceptors to send out even more impulses to the heart, arteries, and veins, causing the blood pressure to go either up or down. Chemoreceptors are located along the walls of the arteries and monitor changes in oxygen level, carbon dioxide, and pH. Just think! A fall in oxygen causes receptors to send impulses to raise the blood pressure. The kidneys play a role in regulating blood pressure by absorbing salts and water and removing wastes. Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex cause the kidney to keep or let go of any salt and water. This has an influence on blood volume and consequently on blood pressure.

What is the primary purpose of this text?

  • A. To inform the reader about the dangers of high blood pressure
  • B. To inform the reader how high blood pressure leads to a higher risk of a heart attack
  • C. To inform the reader how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure
  • D. To persuade the reader that controlling one's blood pressure is important
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The primary purpose of this text is to provide information on how the cardiovascular system regulates blood pressure. The passage discusses the role of different components like baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the kidneys in maintaining blood pressure. It explains how these components work together to regulate blood pressure within the body. The text does not focus on dangers of high blood pressure, risks of heart attacks, or persuading the reader, making choice C the most appropriate answer.

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The Water Cycle
Water is needed to sustain practically all life functions on planet Earth. A single drop of this compound is composed of an oxygen atom that shares its electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms.
The cycle starts when precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, descends from the sky onto the ground. Water that is not absorbed immediately from the precipitation is known as runoff. The runoff flows across the land and collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans.
Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor, which is a gas. Water vapor returns to the air from surface water and plants.
Ultimately, condensation happens when this water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. In fact, the puffy, cotton clouds that we observe are formed by condensation. When the clouds become heavily laden with liquid droplets, precipitation ensues.

Knowing that the cooling of water vapor results in condensation, one could conclude that ___ is a factor in the evaporation process.

  • A. Humidity
  • B. Heat
  • C. Electrons
  • D. Runoff
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Heat is a crucial factor in the evaporation process. Evaporation occurs when liquid water changes into water vapor due to the input of heat energy, causing the water molecules to gain enough energy to escape into the air as vapor. When this vapor cools down, condensation occurs, leading to the formation of clouds and eventually precipitation. Therefore, the cooling of water vapor resulting in condensation is directly linked to the heat input required for the initial evaporation process.

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.

What is produced in the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis?

  • A. ATP
  • B. Glucose
  • C. Water
  • D. Oxygen
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: During the Calvin cycle, which is the second stage of photosynthesis, the primary product produced is glucose. The Calvin cycle utilizes the ATP and NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, a simple sugar. Glucose serves as a vital energy source for the plant and is also essential for the growth and development of the organism. Therefore, the correct answer is option B, 'Glucose.' Options A, C, and D (ATP, Water, and Oxygen) are not the direct products of the Calvin cycle but play important roles in different stages of photosynthesis.

The Water Cycle
Water is needed to sustain practically all life functions on planet Earth. A single drop of this compound is composed of an oxygen atom that shares its electrons with each of the two hydrogen atoms.
The cycle starts when precipitation, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, descends from the sky onto the ground. Water that is not absorbed immediately from the precipitation is known as runoff. The runoff flows across the land and collects in groundwater reservoirs, rivers, streams, and oceans.
Evaporation takes place when liquid water changes into water vapor, which is a gas. Water vapor returns to the air from surface water and plants.
Ultimately, condensation happens when this water vapor cools and changes back into droplets of liquid. In fact, the puffy, cotton clouds that we observe are formed by condensation. When the clouds become heavily laden with liquid droplets, precipitation ensues.

Knowing that the cooling of water vapor results in condensation, one could conclude that ______ is a factor in the evaporation process.

  • A. Humidity
  • B. Heat
  • C. Electrons
  • D. Runoff
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Heat. The process of evaporation involves the conversion of liquid water into water vapor, which requires heat energy to break the bonds between water molecules. When water vapor cools, it condenses back into liquid form. Therefore, the presence of heat is a crucial factor in the evaporation process, as it provides the energy needed for water molecules to escape into the air as vapor.

Have you ever found yourself staring at the ceiling at 2:00 a.m.? Have you kicked the blankets off to the floor from tossing and turning? Many longtime suffers of Insomnia know these situations all too well. As many as 17% of Americans find the restful break of sleep hard to achieve.

Lack of sleep affects intellectual abilities at work or school by causing a deficit in memory, attention, and concentration which in turn creates a feeling of irritation or depression. Chronic insomnia can result from a medical illness, a psychiatric condition, or from sleep apnea, a condition where an individual actually stops breathing during sleep. Sleep hygiene, developing good sleep habits, and non- pharmacological therapies such as herbs and spices are some solutions to Insomnia.

What was the author's intention when writing this passage?

  • A. Developing good sleep habits and using herbs and spices.
  • B. To explain insomnia and propose some solutions for the condition.
  • C. Watching television before bed.
  • D. Taking frequent naps during the day.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the author's intention in the passage is to explain insomnia and provide solutions for the condition. The passage discusses the impact of insomnia on intellectual abilities and mentions solutions such as developing good sleep habits, non-pharmacological therapies like herbs and spices, and addressing underlying causes like medical illnesses or psychiatric conditions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the primary focus of the passage, which is to address insomnia and its solutions.

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants, algae, and certain bacteria to convert light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules. This process is fundamental to life on Earth as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all organisms. The energy is captured from sunlight by a pigment in the plants called chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color.
During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of light to form sugars and oxygen. The oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which is crucial for the survival of most life forms on Earth. The sugars produced are used by the plant for energy and growth, storing excess energy as starch.
The process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into stored chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also maintains the atmospheric oxygen levels and is a key factor in the carbon cycle, helping to regulate Earth's climate.

Which of the following is NOT a product of photosynthesis?

  • A. Oxygen
  • B. Sugar
  • C. Nitrogen
  • D. ATP
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Nitrogen.' During photosynthesis, oxygen, sugar, and ATP are all products of the process. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere, sugar is the main product used by the plant for energy and growth, and ATP is a form of stored chemical energy. However, nitrogen is not a direct product of photosynthesis. The process primarily involves the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen, with nitrogen not being part of the immediate products.

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