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What is the procedure where a catheter is used to open a blocked or narrowed coronary artery, often involving the placement of a stent?
- A. Angioplasty
- B. Valve replacement
- C. Stent placement
- D. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. During angioplasty, a catheter with a balloon at its tip is used to open a blocked or narrowed coronary artery. The balloon is inflated to widen the artery and improve blood flow. Often, a stent is placed during the procedure to help keep the artery open. Option B, valve replacement, is incorrect as it involves replacing a faulty heart valve, not opening a blocked coronary artery. Option C, stent placement, is close but not specific to the procedure of using a catheter and balloon. Option D, CABG, is a surgical procedure where arteries or veins are used to bypass blocked coronary arteries, not using a catheter.
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Nurse's role in management of client with permanent pacemaker implant.
- A. Monitoring
- B. Education
- C. Both A and B
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nurses monitor device function and educate patients about care.
What is an infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs of one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus?
- A. Pneumonia
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Pleurisy
- D. Pulmonary edema
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs, leading to fluid or pus accumulation. This is a common respiratory condition characterized by symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Pleurisy (C) is inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lungs, not the air sacs. Tuberculosis (B) is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs but does not specifically mention inflammation and pus in the air sacs. Pulmonary edema (D) is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs but is not caused by an infection like pneumonia.
What procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to remove excess fluid and help the patient breathe more easily?
- A. Thoracentesis
- B. Bronchoscopy
- C. Spirometry
- D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Thoracentesis. This procedure involves inserting a needle into the pleural space to drain excess fluid, which can accumulate due to conditions like pleural effusion or pneumonia, helping the patient breathe easier. It's performed under ultrasound guidance, ensuring precise fluid removal without damaging nearby structures. Thoracentesis is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, providing fluid for analysis and relieving symptoms of dyspnea.
Summary:
B: Bronchoscopy is a procedure to visualize the airways using a thin, flexible tube and is not used for draining pleural fluid.
C: Spirometry is a lung function test measuring airflow and is not a procedure for removing pleural fluid.
D: Arterial blood gas (ABG) is a blood test to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood and is not related to removing pleural fluid.
A client on a beta blocker has a blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg. What is the nurse's priority action?
- A. Hold the beta blocker and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer the beta blocker as ordered.
- C. Administer a diuretic to reduce blood pressure.
- D. Continue to monitor the client and reassess in 30 minutes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hold the beta blocker and notify the healthcare provider. A blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg is considered low and may be a sign of hypotension, which can be a serious side effect of beta blockers. Holding the medication and notifying the healthcare provider is the priority action to prevent further complications. Administering the beta blocker (choice B) can worsen the hypotension. Administering a diuretic (choice C) may further lower the blood pressure. Continuing to monitor and reassess (choice D) is not appropriate in this situation as immediate action is needed due to the low blood pressure reading.
Which type of medication is used to reduce the workload on the heart by slowing down the heart rate and lowering blood pressure?
- A. Beta-blocker
- B. ACE inhibitor
- C. Calcium channel blocker
- D. Diuretic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Beta-blocker. Beta-blockers reduce the workload on the heart by blocking the action of adrenaline on beta receptors, slowing down heart rate and lowering blood pressure. This helps to decrease the heart's oxygen demand and improve its efficiency. ACE inhibitors (B) work by dilating blood vessels, Calcium channel blockers (C) block calcium entry into cells to relax blood vessels, and Diuretics (D) reduce blood volume by increasing urine output, but they do not specifically target reducing the workload on the heart.