Nokea
What is the process of cell division in somatic (most body) cells called?
- A. Mitosis
- B. Meiosis
- C. Respiration
- D. Cytogenesis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Mitosis is the correct answer. It is the process of cell division in somatic cells, leading to the formation of two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the type of cell division that occurs in sex cells, leading to the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Respiration is a completely different biological process related to energy production, and cytogenesis is not a recognized term for cell division.
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Which type of chemical reaction produces a salt?
- A. An oxidation reaction
- B. A neutralization reaction
- C. A synthesis reaction
- D. A decomposition reaction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, a neutralization reaction. In a neutralization reaction, an acid and a base react to produce a salt and water. This process involves the combination of H+ ions from the acid and OH- ions from the base to form water, while the remaining ions combine to form a salt. Therefore, a neutralization reaction is the specific type of chemical reaction that produces a salt. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. An oxidation reaction involves the loss of electrons, a synthesis reaction involves the formation of a compound from simpler substances, and a decomposition reaction involves the breakdown of a compound into simpler substances. None of these reactions directly lead to the production of a salt, making them incorrect choices in this context.
Which of the following is a cluster of capillaries that functions as the main filter of the blood entering the kidney?
- A. The Bowman's capsule
- B. The Loop of Henle
- C. The glomerulus
- D. The nephron
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a cluster of capillaries in the kidney responsible for filtering blood as it enters the nephron. It plays a crucial role in the initial stages of urine formation by filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood. Choice A, the Bowman's capsule, is incorrect as it surrounds the glomerulus and captures the filtrate. Choice B, the Loop of Henle, is incorrect as it is part of the nephron responsible for water reabsorption. Choice D, the nephron, is incorrect as it comprises the functional unit of the kidney and includes the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, and other structures.
Which of the following touch receptors respond to light touch and slower vibrations?
- A. Merkel's discs
- B. Pacinian corpuscles
- C. Meissner's corpuscles
- D. Ruffini endings
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, Merkel's discs. Merkel's discs are touch receptors that respond to light touch and slower vibrations, making them ideal for detecting subtle tactile stimuli. Pacinian corpuscles are specialized in detecting deep pressure and high-frequency vibrations, not light touch or slower vibrations. Meissner's corpuscles, on the other hand, are sensitive to light touch and low-frequency vibrations, but they do not specifically respond to slower vibrations. Ruffini endings are responsible for detecting skin stretch and continuous touch pressure, differentiating them from Merkel's discs, which are specifically attuned to light touch and slower vibrations.
Where does visual processing begin in the eye?
- A. Cornea
- B. Optic nerve
- C. Retina
- D. Eyelid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Visual processing begins in the retina, not the cornea, optic nerve, or eyelid. The retina is a layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells responsible for converting light into neural signals that are then sent to the brain for processing. The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye that helps focus light, but it does not process visual information. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, it does not initiate visual processing. The eyelid is a protective covering for the eye and is not involved in visual processing.
Which of the following best defines the term amphoteric?
- A. A substance that conducts electricity due to ionization when dissolved in a solvent
- B. A substance that can act as an acid or a base depending on the properties of the solute
- C. A substance that, according to the Br¸nsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory, is a proton-donor
- D. A substance that donates its proton and forms its conjugate base in a neutralization reaction
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: An amphoteric substance can act as both an acid or a base depending on the environment. It can donate a proton (act as an acid) or accept a proton (act as a base), showing versatility in its behavior. Choice A is incorrect as it describes an electrolyte rather than an amphoteric substance. Choice C is incorrect as it defines an acid based on the Br¸nsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory. Choice D is incorrect as it specifically refers to a substance donating a proton in a neutralization reaction, not capturing the dual behavior of an amphoteric substance.