Nokea
What is the role of bacterial endospores?
- A. Energy production
- B. DNA replication
- C. Protection against harsh conditions
- D. Protein synthesis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protection against harsh conditions. Bacterial endospores are dormant structures produced by certain bacteria as a survival strategy under unfavorable conditions. They protect the bacterial DNA and other essential components from damage caused by heat, chemicals, desiccation, and radiation. Endospores do not directly participate in energy production (A), DNA replication (B), or protein synthesis (D). These functions are carried out by the active, vegetative form of the bacterial cell.
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Agglutination reaction is one of the following:
- A. Western blot
- B. ELISA
- C. Reaction type GRUBER
- D. Ascoli ring test
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reaction type GRUBER. Agglutination reaction in GRUBER involves the clumping of particles due to specific antibodies binding to antigens on the surface. This reaction is commonly used in blood typing and serology tests.
A: Western blot is a technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample, not related to agglutination.
B: ELISA is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used to detect antibodies or antigens, not based on agglutination.
D: Ascoli ring test is a method to detect the presence of DNA in a sample, not related to agglutination.
Natural active immunity occurs during infection or disease. It is active because lymphocytes are activated by antigens or pathogen's surface
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
- C. both answers can be correct depending on the given situation
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale: Natural active immunity is indeed active because it involves the activation of lymphocytes by antigens during infection or disease. This process leads to the production of memory cells for long-lasting protection. This distinguishes it from passive immunity, where antibodies are transferred rather than produced by the individual's immune system. Therefore, choice A is correct. Choice B is incorrect because it contradicts the nature of natural active immunity. Choice C is incorrect as the statement is always true for natural active immunity. Choice D is incorrect as there is a correct answer among the given choices.
The generic name of a drug refers to its __________ name.
- A. trade
- B. proprietary
- C. chemical
- D. nonproprietary
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: nonproprietary. The generic name of a drug is the official, nonproprietary name given to a drug by an organization such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This name is not owned by any specific company and is used universally to identify the drug's active ingredient. The generic name helps to communicate the specific medication being prescribed and allows for cost-effective options for consumers.
A: Trade name refers to the brand name given to a drug by a pharmaceutical company.
B: Proprietary name is another term for the trade name, specific to the company that produces the drug.
C: Chemical name refers to the exact chemical composition of the drug, which may not be user-friendly or easily recognized by healthcare professionals or consumers.
Microscopy of stained (Ziehl-Neelsen staining) smears taken from the sputum of a patient with chronic pulmonary disease revealed red bacilli. What property of tuberculous bacillus was shown up?
- A. Acid resistance
- B. Alkali resistance
- C. Alcohol resistance
- D. Capsule formation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acid resistance. Tuberculous bacilli are acid-fast bacilli, meaning they resist decolorization by acid-alcohol after staining with Ziehl-Neelsen stain. This property is due to the high lipid content in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Alkali resistance (B) and alcohol resistance (C) are not specific properties of tuberculous bacilli. Capsule formation (D) is a characteristic of some bacteria but is not a defining feature of tuberculous bacilli.
Which of the following media is the most selective for Vibrio cholerae?
- A. MacConkey's agar
- B. Chocolate agar
- C. SS agar
- D. TCBS
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: TCBS. Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar is the most selective for Vibrio cholerae due to its high salt content, bile salts, and sucrose. Vibrio cholerae can grow well in alkaline conditions, which are provided by TCBS agar. MacConkey's agar (A) is selective for gram-negative bacteria, but not specifically for Vibrio cholerae. Chocolate agar (B) is a non-selective medium suitable for fastidious organisms. SS agar (C) is selective for Salmonella and Shigella species, not Vibrio cholerae.