Nokea
What is the term for a group of organisms with the same genetic makeup?
- A. Population
- B. Clone
- C. Genotype
- D. Species
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In this context, a clone (option B) is a group of organisms that are genetically identical because they are derived from a single ancestor. A population (option A) refers to a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area. Genotype (option C) refers to the genetic makeup of an individual organism. Species (option D) refers to a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Therefore, the most appropriate choice for the question is 'Clone,' as it specifically refers to organisms with the same genetic makeup.
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The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic refers to:
- A. The lowest concentration that kills bacteria
- B. The dose required for 50% bacterial inhibition
- C. The time it takes for an antibiotic to work
- D. The spectrum of bacteria the antibiotic targets
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A) The lowest concentration that kills bacteria is known as the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), not the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). MIC is the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits visible growth of bacteria.
B) The MIC of an antibiotic is the concentration at which bacterial growth is inhibited by 50%. This concentration is used to determine the effectiveness of an antibiotic against a specific bacterium.
C) The time it takes for an antibiotic to work is not described by the MIC. MIC is a measure of concentration, not time.
D) The spectrum of bacteria the antibiotic targets is not defined by the MIC. The MIC value is specific to a particular antibiotic and bacterium, regardless of the spectrum of activity of the antibiotic.
Why are isotopes of the same element chemically similar?
- A. They have the same number of protons.
- B. They have the same number of electrons.
- C. Their chemical properties are identical.
- D. They share the same electron configuration.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Isotopes of the same element are chemically similar because they have the same number of protons. The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which is the defining characteristic of an element. Since chemical reactions primarily involve interactions between the electrons of atoms, having the same number of protons means the atoms have the same basic chemical properties. While isotopes may differ in the number of neutrons, it is the number of protons that dictates the element's identity and chemical behavior. Therefore, choice A is correct because the number of protons directly influences an element's chemical properties, making isotopes of the same element chemically similar despite potentially having different numbers of neutrons. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because isotopes of the same element can have different numbers of electrons, their chemical properties are not identical due to potential differences in neutron numbers, and although they may have similarities in electron configurations, it is the number of protons that is the key factor determining chemical behavior.
Which property of a substance refers to its ability to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets without breaking?
- A. Malleability
- B. Ductility
- C. Viscosity
- D. Conductivity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Malleability is the correct answer as it is the property of a substance that allows it to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets without breaking. This property is crucial for materials like metals that need to be shaped without breaking. Ductility, on the other hand, refers to the ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires, not hammered into sheets. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, indicating its thickness or thinness, and is unrelated to the ability to be hammered. Conductivity, on the other hand, refers to a substance's ability to conduct electricity or heat, which is not related to its ability to be hammered or pressed into thin sheets.
The framework of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that provides structure, support, and facilitates movement is part of the:
- A. Muscular system
- B. Skeletal system
- C. Nervous system
- D. Endocrine system
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that work together to provide structure, support, protection for internal organs, and facilitate movement. It is responsible for supporting the body's framework and protecting vital organs. The muscular system (option A) consists of muscles that work with the skeletal system to produce movement but does not include bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. The nervous system (option C) is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body to control movement and other functions. The endocrine system (option D) is a collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate various bodily functions but is not primarily involved in structure, support, and movement as the skeletal system is.
What energy transformation occurs when a guitar string vibrates to produce sound?
- A. Mechanical energy to thermal energy
- B. Kinetic energy to potential energy
- C. Electrical energy to sound energy
- D. Potential energy to kinetic energy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. When a guitar string vibrates to produce sound, the energy transformation that occurs is from potential energy (stored energy in the string when it is stretched) to kinetic energy (energy of motion as the string vibrates back and forth). As the string vibrates, its kinetic energy is transferred to the surrounding air molecules, producing sound energy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Choice A, mechanical energy to thermal energy, does not align with the energy transformation involved in producing sound from a vibrating guitar string. Choice B, kinetic energy to potential energy, is the opposite of what happens when a guitar string vibrates. Choice C, electrical energy to sound energy, is not relevant to the energy conversion process in this scenario.