Nokea
What laboratory findings are expected in ulcerative colitis as a result of diarrhea and vomiting?
- A. Increased albumin
- B. Elevated white blood cells (WBCs)
- C. Decreased Na+, K+, Mg+, Cl'“, and HCO3'“
- D. Decreased hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In ulcerative colitis, diarrhea and vomiting lead to electrolyte imbalances, resulting in decreased levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
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Which statement about the oral phase of digestion is INCORRECT?
- A. About 2% of the energy content of food is expended during the action of chewing and swallowing it.
- B. Swallowing involves contraction and relaxation of at least 14 groups of muscles in about 10 seconds in healthy subjects
- C. The biofilm covering tooth enamel contains several salivary and bacterial enzymes
- D. Salivary amylase digests the dextran film on tooth enamel formed from dietary sucrose
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Salivary amylase primarily digests carbohydrates in the oral cavity, breaking down starch into simpler sugars like maltose. It does not directly target the dextran film on tooth enamel formed from dietary sucrose. This film is typically broken down by dental plaque bacteria, not salivary amylase. Therefore, option D is incorrect.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: This statement is correct. Chewing and swallowing do require energy expenditure.
B: This statement is correct. Swallowing involves the coordinated action of multiple muscle groups.
C: This statement is correct. The biofilm on tooth enamel contains enzymes from both saliva and bacteria, contributing to oral digestion.
Which of the following cell(s) produce a compound that insulates nerve axons and greatly increases the speed of transmission (conductance)?
- A. node of Ranvier
- B. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
- C. any neuron
- D. astrocytes and ependymal cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. Schwann cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system, while oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the central nervous system. Myelin insulates nerve axons, allowing for saltatory conduction, greatly increasing the speed of transmission. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated, not where myelin is produced. Neurons themselves do not produce myelin. Astrocytes and ependymal cells have supportive roles in the nervous system but do not produce myelin.
Which of the following dietary interventions should a nurse consider after the removal of the nasogastric tube in a client who has undergone surgery for a liver disorder?
- A. Provide small sips of clear liquids
- B. Provide small sips of fruit juice or soup
- C. Provide small meal of soft foods
- D. Provide meal of protein-rich foods
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: After NG tube removal, clear liquids are introduced first to assess tolerance and prevent nausea or complications.
Where is the majority of absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. large intestine
- D. mouth
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The majority of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. This is because the small intestine has a large surface area due to its villi and microvilli, which increase the absorption capacity. Additionally, the small intestine contains specialized cells that facilitate the absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. In contrast, the stomach's main function is to break down food, the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and the mouth is responsible for initial digestion through chewing and saliva production. Therefore, choice B is correct as it aligns with the anatomical and physiological functions of the digestive system.
The nurse is caring for a patient receiving a blood transfusion. Which of the following should the nurse do first if the patient develops chills and fever?
- A. Stop the transfusion and notify the healthcare provider.
- B. Administer acetaminophen as prescribed.
- C. Check the blood bag for any abnormalities.
- D. Increase the rate of the transfusion to flush the system.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Stop the transfusion and notify the healthcare provider. This is the first step because chills and fever during a blood transfusion could indicate a transfusion reaction, which can be serious. Stopping the transfusion is crucial to prevent further complications. Notifying the healthcare provider promptly ensures appropriate assessment and management. Administering acetaminophen (choice B) may help with fever but does not address the underlying issue. Checking the blood bag (choice C) can be done after stopping the transfusion. Increasing the rate of the transfusion (choice D) can exacerbate the reaction and should be avoided.